Biochemistry 3.2 Carbon Compounds

Objectives 4.Define organic compound and name the three elements often found in organic compounds 5.Explain why carbon forms so many different compounds 6.Define functional group and explain its significance 7.Compare a condensation reaction with hydrolysis

Obj 4: Define organic compound and name the three elements often found in organic compounds Organic compounds – contain C atoms that are covalently bonded to other C atoms and to other elements Commonly – H, O, N

Organic Compounds Video

Objective 2 - Carbon Bonding Explain why carbon forms so many different compounds C atom –Outermost energy level has 4 electrons –Need 4 more to be stable C forms 4 covalent bonds –Unlike other substances it can covalently bond with itself Forms straight chains

Single bond – 2 atoms share1 pair of electrons, represented by 1 line –Fig 3-5 Double bond -2 atoms share 2 pair of electrons, 2 lines –Fig 3-6 (a) Triple bond – share 3 pairs of electrons, 3 lines –Fig 3-6 (b)

Each C will have 4 covalent bonds

Obj 6: Functional groups Define functional group and explain its significance Functional Group Clusters of atoms Determine characteristics of compound Important to living organism –Hydroxyl group, -OH

Alcohol –Hydroxyl group attached to a C atom –-OH makes alcohol polar –Similar properties to water Hydrogen bonding –Ex. ethanol – found in alcoholic beverages Cause cell death in liver and brain

Functional Group –Ex. alcohol methanol – Cause blindness or death Alcohol –Some needed for life processes –Human need the alcohol glycerol for life processes

Obj 7: Compare a condensation reaction with hydrolysis Monomers – simple molecules Polymer – made up of monomers Macromolecules – large polymers

Monomers Video

Condensation reaction – monomers link together to form polymers One water molecule is formed each time two monomers are combined Example Glucose + fructose = sucrose (all types of sugar) + H 2 O

Combined by C-O-C Glucose loses OH - Fructose loses H + OH - + H + ↔ H 2 O End with sucrose + H 2 O

Hydrolysis – breakdown of polymers Add water Most hydrolysis reactions are exergonic Reverses condensation reaction which produces water

Life require constant supply of energy Energy available to cells by a compound – ATP – Adenosine triphosphate –3(tri) phosphate group attached covalently –-PO 4 -

Through hydrolysis ATP becomes ADP – Adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate (no C atom)