Chapter 6 Multiform Projects Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. McGraw-Hill

6-2 Objectives Include multiple forms in an application. Use templates to create splash screens and About boxes. Use the Show, ShowDialog, and Hide methods to display and hide forms. Understand the various form events and select the best procedure for your code. Declare variables with the correct scope and access level for multiform projects.

6-3 Using Multiple Forms Projects can appear more professional when using different windows for different types of information. Often, the first form a project displays is a summary form. Projects can contain as many forms as desired.

6-4 Creating New Forms Select Add Windows Form from the Project menu and select from many installed templates.

6-5 Switching Between Forms (1 of 2) In design time, there are several ways to switch between forms: Solution Explorer window — select a form name and click the View Designer button or the View Code button. Double-clicking a form name opens the form in designer. Easiest way is to use the tabs at the top of the Document window that appear when the form is displayed Each form is a separate file and a separate class.

6-6 Switching Between Forms (2 of 2) Using Tabs Selecting from drop-down list

6-7 Adding Existing Form Files Forms may be used in more than one project—an existing form may be used in a new project. Each form and information for the form is saved as three separate files: Code procedures Visual interface Property settings for the controls To add an existing form to a project, use the Add Existing Item command on the Project menu, Select only one filename: FormName.vb; all three files are automatically copied into the project folder,

6-8 Removing Forms from a Project Select the file name in the Solution Explorer of the file to be removed. Either click the Delete key or right-click on the filename to and choose Delete from the context menu. Additional option is to choose Exclude from project to remove the form from the project but not delete the files.

6-9 An About Box (1of 2) One popular type of form in a project is an About Box — found in most Windows programs under Help/About Usually provides the name and version of the program and information about the programmer or company Users can create About Boxes by creating a new form and entering the information in labels. You can add Windows controls to a new About Box form.

6-10 An About Box (2 of 2)

6-11 Using the About Box Template Visual Studio’s About Box template can be used to create a new About box. Choose Add Windows Form from the Project menu and select About Box.

6-12 Setting Assembly Information Users can manually set the Text properties of the controls (not recommended). --OR-- Open the Project Designer form. Project/ProjectName Properties or double-click My Project in the Solution Explorer Click the Assembly Information button and fill in the desired information in the Assembly Information dialog box.

6-13 Assembly Information Dialog Box

6-14 A Splash Screen The initial screen containing a logo or window that is seen while a program is loading Professional applications use splash screens to tell the user that the program is loading or starting. Makes a large application appear to load and run faster since something is displaying on the screen while the rest of the application loads

6-15 Splash Screen Example

6-16 Using the Splash Screen Template Visual Studio contains splash screen templates. Select Project/Add New Item to display the Add New Item dialog box and choose Splash Screen to add the new form. Modify the form to fit current needs. A splash form created using the Splash Screen template

6-17 Making the Splash Form Display First Display the Project Designer from the Project menu and set the Splash screen drop-down list to the created splash screen. Do not change the setting for Startup object or Shutdown mode. When the project is run, the splash screen should display while the startup form is loading, and then disappear when the startup form activates.

6-18 Setting the Splash Screen — Example Set the Splash screen drop- down list to the new form in the Project Designer.

6-19 Showing a Form New forms are displayed in response to a user clicking a button or a menu item. In the event procedure for the button or menu item use either the Show method or ShowDialog method to display the new form.

6-20 Modal versus Modeless Forms Show method displays a form as modeless — means that both forms are open and the user can navigate from one form to the other ShowDialog method displays a new form as modal — the user must respond to the form in some way, usually by clicking a button. No other program code can execute until the user responds to and hides or closes the modal form. With a modeless form, the user may switch to another form in the project without responding to the form.

6-21 Show Method General Form Example The Show method creates a form object from the specified class and displays it modelessly. The FormName is the name of the form to be displayed. FormName.Show () SummaryForm.Show ()

6-22 ShowDialog Method General Form Example Use the ShowDialog method when you want the user to notice, respond to, and close the form before proceeding with the application. FormName.ShowDialog () SummaryForm.ShowDialog ()

6-23 Hiding or Closing a Form The Close method behaves differently for a modeless form compared to a modal form. Modeless — Close destroys the form instance and removes it from memory. Modal — the form is only hidden. Choosing a form’s Hide method sets the form’s Visible property to False and keeps the form instance in memory. An example would be for a form with instructions or Help text

6-24 Hide Method General Form Example FormName.Hide() SummaryForm.Hide()

6-25 Responding to Form Events Two primary events that code might be needed for are: FormName.Load — form loaded into memory FormName.Activated — occurs when control is passed to form The first time a form is shown in an application, the form generates both the Load and Activated events. If a form is displayed multiple times, initializing steps can be placed into the Activated event procedure; same for setting the focus in a particular place on a new form

6-26 The Sequence of Form Events LoadOccurs before the form is displayed for the first time — usually happens only once ActivatedOccurs each time the form is shown PaintOccurs each time any portion of the form is redrawn DeactivateOccurs when the form is no longer the active form FormClosingOccurs as the form is about to close FormClosedOccurs after the form is closed

6-27 Writing Event Procedures From the Code Editor In the Editor, drop down the Class Name list and choose the entry that shows the events for the selected form. In the Method Name list, select the event for which to write a procedure—events already having a written procedure appear in bold.

6-28 Writing Event Procedures From the Properties Window in the Designer Select an event using the Properties window. Click the form to show properties and click Events button. Double-click the event to create an empty event procedure.

6-29 Holding the Splash Screen Display If applications are very small, the splash screen disappears before it can be read. Code can be written to hold the splash screen longer by calling the: System.Threading.Thread.Sleep() method in the Load event procedure for the startup form of the project. Example: – System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(5000) – Note: this information is not in the text, but can be useful.

6-30 Variables/Constants in Multiform Projects For module-level variables to be available in more than one form in a project, it must be declared as Friend or Public and not as Private. Scope can be expanded for variable and constants and is the set of statements that can access a variable or constant without qualifying its name. Public is not recommended for multi-form access. Use friend.

6-31 Access Level Specifies the permission required to make use of the variable or constant To make a variable available to other forms, use either the Public or Friend keywords. Friend — allows other forms in the project to access the variable Public — allows all other programs to access variables (not recommended) Private keyword allows access only in the class (form) in which it is declared. Only use access-level keywords for module-level variables.

6-32 Lifetime The period of time that a variable or constant remains in existence Module and namespace variables exist as long as the application runs.

6-33 Static Variables Use to declare local and block-level variables Retain their value for the life of the project If the value in a variable needs to be retained for multiple calls to a procedure such as running count, declare it as Static. If the variable is used in multiple procedures, declare it at the module level.

6-34 The Static Statement General Form Examples Static Identifier As DataType Static PersonCountInteger As Integer Static ReportTotalDecimal As Decimal

6-35 Namespaces VB projects are automatically assigned to a namespace. Namespaces can be viewed and modified, which is called the root namespace.

6-36 Declaring Variables/Constants: Guidelines Place all local declarations at the top of a procedure. Use named constants for any value that doesn’t change during the program execution. Keep the scope of variables and constants narrow. Consider making variables local, if possible. Make variables Static, if needed, for multiple executions within a procedure. If variables are needed for more than one procedure, declare it as local and pass it as an argument. Use Private module-level variables if using a variable in multiple procedures and displaying in another. If using the value of a variable in more than one form, declare it as Friend.

6-37 Running a Program Outside the IDE The.exe file can be moved to another computer, placed on the system desktop, or used as a shortcut just like any other application. If copying the.exe file to another system make sure it has the correct version of the Microsoft.NET Framework. Can download the framework for free from the Microsoft Web site Change the icon, if desired.