Global Warming Status 1. Knowledge Gap Between - What is Understood (science) - What is Known (public/policymakers) 2. Planetary Emergency - Climate Inertia.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Global Warming Status 1. Knowledge Gap Between - What is Understood (science) - What is Known (public/policymakers) 2. Planetary Emergency - Climate Inertia.
Advertisements

Global Warming Status 1. Knowledge Gap Between - What is Understood (science) - What is Known (public/policymakers) 2. Planetary Emergency - Climate Inertia.
Royal Society Coral Crisis Working Group 6 July 2009.
Uncertainty, Lags, and Nonlinearity: Challenges to Governance in a Turbulent World Thomas Homer-Dixon CIGI Chair of Global Systems Balsillie School of.
Michael B. McElroy ACS August 23rd, 2010.
The atmosphere is warming. Source: IPCC AR4 Where does the excess heat go?
Paleoclimate Record Points Toward Potential Rapid Climate Changes AGU Fall Meeting Dec. 6, 2011 James Hansen Director, NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space.
Chapter 3: Climate Change and the Energy Transition.
Canadian Tar Sands Local impacts Large-scale toxic pollution, impacting people, wild lands and wildlife Global climate impact Dirtiest form of crude oil,
Status of the Matter 1. A Knowledge Gap - What is Understood (scientists) - What is Known (public/policymakers) 2. The Climate Crisis - Positive Feedbacks.
Science Based Policy for Addressing Energy and Environmental Problems Robert Sawyer Class of 1935 Professor of Energy Emeritus University of California.
IPCC 4 th Assessment Report: WG1: Physical Science Basis Chapter 2.
Air Pollutant Climate Forcings within the Big Climate Picture * Jim Hansen March 11, 2009 Climate Change Congress Global Risks, Challenges & Decisions.
1988 Testimony: Conclusions 1. Earth is warmer in 1988 than at any time in the history of instrumental measurements 2. Global warming is now large enough.
Science Based Policy for Addressing Energy and Environmental Problems Robert Sawyer Class of 1935 Professor of Energy Emeritus University of California.
1 Uncertainty, Lags, Nonlinearity and Feedbacks: New Terms for a New Millennium We must transition out of our 19 th century view of Technology as basic.
Global Climate Change What Must We Do Now?* James Hansen 1 February 2010 University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC * Statements relating to policy are.
Class 14b: Global climate change Basics of global warming Potential effects Politics of global warming.
CO 2, CH 4 and temperature records from Antarctic ice core data Source: Vimeux, F., K.M. Cuffey, and Jouzel, J., 2002, "New insights into Southern.
Global Climate Change Overview Michael D. Mastrandrea, Ph.D. Deputy Director, Science, IPCC Working Group II and Assistant Consulting Professor Woods Institute.
Class 14b: Global climate change Basics of global warming Potential effects Politics of global warming.
Explaining the global warming theory Explaining the implications of science to contemporary public issues is an important part of our job. As an example.
Rising Temperatures. Various Temperature Reconstructions from
Objective: Understand Causes, Effects and Solutions of Global Warming
The Basic Science of Climate Change Janina Moretti September 6, 2012.
Carbon Dioxide and Climate Pieter Tans NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Boulder, Colorado National Science Teachers Association National Conference.
Greenhouse Effect* Two transparent windows:  Solar radiation – visible (  m)  Earth radiation – infrared (7-15  m) Major infrared absorbers:
Observed Global Climate Change. Review of last lecture Tropical climate: Mean state: The two basic regions of SST? Which region has stronger rainfall?
Observed Global Climate Change. Review of last lecture Air pollution. 2 categories 6 types of major pollutants: particulates, carbon oxides, sulfur dioxides,
Human-Made Climate Change: A Scientific, Moral and Legal Issue * James Hansen 4 December 2010 Circolo dei Lettori Rome, Italy * Statements relating to.
Global Warming  Public perception  Physics of anthropogenic global warming  Key diagrams  Consequences  What can you do?
Global Climate Change Project Based Learning Environmental Issues and Global Climate Change… “How can I affect change in my world?” Global Climate Change.
Samayaluca Dune Field, south of Juarez, Chihuahua Global Climate Change.
Earth’s Changing Environment Lecture 13 Global Warming.
The policy implications of cumulative greenhouse gas emissions or Don’t Ignite the Lignite! Policy Ignite Presentation 4 May 2010 Milan Ilnyckyj
THINKING LONG TERM: Confronting Global Climate Change Written by James J. MacKenzie Senior Associate World Resources Institute (WRI)
A Slippery Slope How much Global Warming Constitutes “Dangerous Anthropogenic Interference”?
Projection of Global Climate Change. Review of last lecture Rapid increase of greenhouse gases (CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O) since 1750: far exceed pre-industrial.
Chapter 20 Global Climate Change. Climate Change Terminology  Greenhouse Gas  Gas that absorbs infrared radiation  Positive Feedback  Change in some.
1 Geologic Perspective on Climate  El Nino  The last 1,000 Years: Natural Variability?  The Ice Ages and their cause  The world the Dinosaurs inhabited.
1 Advantages of Carbon Neutrality Sept 15 th, 2009 Presented by Bert Loosmore.
1 What causes global warming? You do,silly! Kevin Cummins Sierra Club Volunteer.
Population Interactions Decomposers are organisms that recycle materials back into the environment. These materials can then be reused by producers. Scavengers.
Carbon-cycle feedbacks 45% CO2 that is pumped into the atmosphere since 1959 has disappeared. Nature has responded to the remaining 55% CO2 a certain degree,
Preventing Dangerous Climate Change Session 10 Neil Leary Changing Planet Study Group July 19-22, 2010 Cooling the Liberal Arts Curriculum A NASA-GCCE.
Climate and Change 7. Is this enough evidence that global warming is happening …. if so how bad do people think the situation is?
SC.912.E.7.2: Analyze the causes of the various kinds of surface and deep water motion within the oceans and their impacts on the transfer of energy between.
Lecture 4b. Sustainability What do you think sustainability is? Each table come up with a definition and share on board.
Your “Do Now”5/25 Take ½ sheet of paper Write down 5 things you remember from the visit by the GVSU scientists yesterday.
What is Global Warming? How does it work? What can we do?
Status of the Matter 1. A Knowledge Gap - What is Understood (scientists) - What is Known (public/policymakers) 2. The Climate Crisis - Climate Inertia.
Global Climate Change and my career Your Name. Global climate change … is unequivocal, is almost certainly caused mostly by us, is already causing significant.
Global Warming “The Era of Procrastination, of Half-Measures, of Soothing and Baffling Expedients, of Delays, is Coming to its Close. In its Place We are.
Chapter: Climate Section 3: Climatic Changes.
Past Climates or Paleoclimatology. Estimated Phanerozoic Temperatures (14° is Today; 16° is Critical and 18° is Catastrophic for Humans)
James Hansen, Goddard Institute for Space Studies, NASA Long-term feedback systems more powerful than thought previously Amplification – albedo, methane,
HOW GLOBAL WARMING HAS AFFECTED GLACIERS By: Tunyasiri & Kankanit P.3.
Years before present This graph shows climate change over the more recent 20,000 years. It shows temperature increase and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Is.
Climate Threat to the Planet:* Implications for Energy Policy and Intergenerational Justice Jim Hansen December 17, 2008 Bjerknes Lecture, American Geophysical.
Chapter Meeting Ecological Challenges Key Questions: 1)How does the average ecological footprint in America compare to the world’s average?
Ice Loss Signs of Change. The Cryosphere  Earth has many frozen features including – sea, lake, and river ice; – snow cover; – glaciers, – ice caps;
Global Warming & The Green house effect What is it? What causes it? What are the effects? to-see-to-convince-you-that-climate-change-is-
Where is the climate heading after COP21? Andrew Levan Physics.
Global Warming Status 1. Knowledge Gap Between - What is Understood (science) - What is Known (public/policymakers) 2. Planetary Emergency - Climate Inertia.
Our Changing Atmosphere
Climate Change All facts and images are from NASA and NOAA unless otherwise indicated.
Global Warming Status 1. Knowledge Gap Between 2. Planetary Emergency
Why is global warming happening?
Climate and Change.
Presentation transcript:

Global Warming Status 1. Knowledge Gap Between - What is Understood (science) - What is Known (public/policymakers) 2. Planetary Emergency - Climate Inertia  Warming in Pipeline - Tipping Points  Could Lose Control 3. Good News & Bad News - Safe Level of CO 2 < 350 ppm - Multiple Benefits of Solution

Basis of Understanding 1. Earth’s Paleoclimate History 2. On-Going Climate Changes 3. Climate Models

Why be concerned about human-made climate change? There have been huge climate changes during Earth’s history! It is arrogant to think that humans can control climate or that we know enough to say that today’s climate is the best one for the planet.

Fig. 1

Cenozoic Era End of Cretaceous (65 My BP)Present Day

Summary: Cenozoic Era 1. Dominant Forcing: Natural ΔCO 2 - Rate ~100 ppm/My ( ppm/year) - Human-made rate today: ~2 ppm/year Humans Overwhelm Slow Geologic Changes 2. Climate Sensitivity High - Antarctic ice forms if CO 2 < ~450 ppm - Ice sheet formation reversible Humans Could Produce “A Different Planet”

Earth’s history provides most important information on global warming. Recorded human history occurs within the Holocene warm period.

CO 2,CH 4 and estimated global temperature (Antarctic ΔT/2 in ice core era) 0 = mean. Source: Hansen, Clim. Change, 68, 269, 2005.

Source: Earth's energy imbalance: Confirmation and implications. Science 308, 1431, (A) Forcings used to drive climate simulations. (B) Simulated and observed surface temperature change.

Metrics for “Dangerous” Change Extermination of Animal & Plant Species 1. Extinction of Polar and Alpine Species 2. Unsustainable Migration Rates Ice Sheet Disintegration: Global Sea Level 1. Long-Term Change from Paleoclimate Data 2. Ice Sheet Response Time Regional Climate Disruptions 1. Increase of Extreme Events 2. Shifting Zones/Freshwater Shortages

Tipping Point Definitions 1. Tipping Level - Climate forcing (greenhouse gas amount) reaches a point such that no additional forcing is required for large climate change and impacts 2. Point of No Return - Climate system reaches a point with unstoppable irreversible climate impacts (irreversible on a practical time scale) Example: disintegration of large ice sheet

Arctic sea ice area at summer minimum.

Arctic Sea Ice Criterion* 1. Restore Planetary Energy Balance  CO 2 : 385 ppm  ppm 2. Restore Sea Ice: Aim for -0.5 W/m 2 CO 2 : 385 ppm  ppm Range based on uncertainty in present planetary energy imbalance (between 0.5 and 1 W/m 2 ) * Assuming near-balance among non-CO 2 forcings

Konrad Steffen and Russell Huff, CIRES, University of Colorado at Boulder Greenland Total Melt Area – 2007 value exceeds last maximum by 10%

Melt descending into a moulin, a vertical shaft carrying water to ice sheet base. Source: Roger Braithwaite, University of Manchester (UK) Surface Melt on Greenland

Jakobshavn Ice Stream in Greenland Discharge from major Greenland ice streams is accelerating markedly. Source: Prof. Konrad Steffen, Univ. of Colorado

Greenland Mass Loss – From Gravity Satellite

Sea Level Criterion* 1. Prior Interglacial Periods  CO 2 <~ 300 ppm 2. Cenozoic Era  CO 2 <~ 300 ppm 3. Ice Sheet Observations  CO 2 < 385 ppm * Assuming near-balance among non-CO 2 forcings

Subtropics expected to expand with global warming. Observations show 4 degrees of latitude expansion. Pier on Lake Mead

Fires Are Increasing World-Wide Source: Westerling et al Western US area burned Wildfires in Western US have increased 4-fold in 30 years.

Rongbuk Glacier Rongbuk glacier in 1968 (top) and The largest glacier on Mount Everest’s northern slopes feeds Rongbuk River.

Black bar: ice loss in Curve:years until ice gone, at that loss rate. Paul, F. et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L21402, Ice Loss

Coral Reef off Fiji (Photo: Kevin Roland) Stresses on Coral Reefs

Assessment of Target CO 2 Phenomenon Target CO 2 (ppm) 1. Arctic Sea Ice Ice Sheets/Sea Level Shifting Climatic Zones Alpine Water Supplies Avoid Ocean Acidification  Initial Target CO 2 = 350* ppm *assumes CH 4, O 3, Black Soot decrease

Target CO 2 : < 350 ppm To preserve creation, the planet on which civilization developed

The fraction of CO 2 remaining in the air, after emission by fossil fuel burning, declines rapidly at first, but 1/3 remains in the air after a century and 1/5 after a millennium (Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, , 2007).

Coal phase-out by 2030  peak CO 2 ~ ppm, depending on oil/gas Faster return below 350 ppm requires additional actions

Initial Target CO 2 : 350 ppm Technically Feasible (but not if business-as-usual continues) Quick Coal Phase-Out Critical (long lifetime of atmospheric CO 2 ) (must halt construction of any new coal plants that do not capture & store CO 2 )

Half of the fossil fuel CO 2 in the air today is from coal. On the long run, coal is likely to be even more dominant.

China passed the U.S. in current emissions. Because of the long CO 2 lifetime, the U.S. will be most responsible for airborne CO 2 for decades.

UK, U.S. & Germany are most responsible (per capita) for CO 2 in air today

“Free Will” Alternative 1. Phase Out Coal CO 2 Emissions - by 2025/2030 developed/developing countries 2. Rising Carbon Price - discourages unconventional fossil fuels & extraction of every last drop of oil (Arctic, etc.) 3. Soil & Biosphere CO 2 Sequestration - improved farming & forestry practices 4. Reduce non-CO 2 Forcings - reduce CH 4, O 3, trace gases, black soot

Basic Conflict Fossil Fuel Special Interests vs Young People & Nature (Animals) Fossil Interests: God-given fact that all fossil fuels will be burned (no free will) Young People: Hey! Not so fast! Nice planet you are leaving us!

What are the Odds? Fossil Interests: have influence in capitals world-wide Young People: need to organize, enlist others (parents, e.g.), impact elections Animals: not much help (don’t vote, don’t talk)

The Challenge We can avoid destroying creation! (+cleaner planet, + good jobs!) We have to figure out how to live without fossil fuels someday… Why not now?

What’s the Problem?* 1. No Strategic Approach %CO 2 Reduction Approach Doomed 2. No Leadership for Planet & Life Businesses Rule in Capitals 3. Greenwash Replaces Strategy * Just my opinions, of course

What’s the Solution?* (Not Carbon Cap or % Target!!!) 1. Coal Emissions Phase-Out UK, US, Germany Should Lead 2. Carbon Price & 100% Dividend For Transformations, Avoid UFF * Just my opinions, of course

Intergenerational Conflict Intergenerational inequity and injustice is the result, affecting the young and unborn. ‘Did not know’ defense of prior generations no longer viable. Ethical and legal liability questions raised by actions that deceived the public. Continued failure of political process (not even available to young and unborn) may cause increasing public protests.

Web Site includes Global Warming Twenty Years Later: Tipping Points Near (today’s statement) Target Atmospheric CO 2 : Where Should Humanity Aim? In Defence of Kingsnorth Six

Climate Status Earth’s history reveals that climate is sensitive to forcings. Human-made forcings now dwarf natural forcings. Climate changes are emerging above the ‘noise’ of unforced chaotic variability; greater changes are ‘in the pipeline’. Clear and present danger of passing ‘tipping points’, with feedbacks that guarantee large climate changes.

Bright Side Greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced to a level that will minimize many impacts that had begun to seem almost inevitable. Actions needed to stabilize climate, including prompt phase-out of coal emissions, are defined well enough. Ancillary effects of these actions include cleaner air and water, with benefits for human health, agricultural productivity, and wildlife preservation.

Denial & Special Interests Actions are not being pursued as required to stabilize climate. ‘Greenwash’ has replaced denial. Policies are demonstrably impotent for the purpose of averting climate disasters. Special interests have succeeded in subverting intent of the democratic process to operate for the general good.

Global and low latitude surface temperature at seasonal resolution. Nino 3.4 index shows strength of tropical El Nino/La Ninas. Green triangles are major volcanoes

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 7

Fraction of equilibrium surface temperature response versus time in the GISS climate model with the Russell ocean. The forcing was doubled atmospheric CO 2. The ice sheets and other long-lived GHGs were fixed.

Estimates of global temperature change inferred from Antarctic ice cores and ocean sediment cores for a period allowing Holocene temperature to be apparent.

Fig. 2

Carbon Tax & 100% Dividend 1. Tax Large & Growing (but get it in place!) - tap efficiency potential & life style choices 2. Entire Tax Returned - equal monthly deposits in bank accounts 3. Limited Government Role - keep hands off money! - eliminate fossil subsidies - let marketplace choose winners - change profit motivation of utilities - watch U.S. modernize & emissions fall!

Key Elements in Transformation Low-Loss Electric Grid Clean Energy by 2020 (West) & 2030 Allows Renewable Energy Ascendancy Carbon Tax and 100% Dividend Tax at First Sale of Coal/Oil/Gas Tax Can Rise & Spur Transformations “100% or Fight! No Alligator-Shoes!”