Dr. Martin T. Auer MTU Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Air Quality and Pollution Control

Nitrogen % Oxygen Argon 0.93 Carbon dioxide 0.03 Neon 18.0 ppm (= 18x10 -4 %) Helium 5.2 Methane 1.8 Krypton 1.1 Hydrogen 0.5 Nitrous oxide 0.3 Ozone 0.01 Composition of Clean, Dry (“Pure”) Air Source: Carnegie Mellon University; Environmental Decision Making, Science & Technology

Figure 11.6: Definition of particulate pollutants by size

Oxides of Sulfur H COO - CH 2 C NH 3 + SH cystine Source: fossil fuels

Oxides of Sulfur Source: roasting mineral ores International Nickel mines and processes nickel sulfide ores in Sudbury, Ontatio. The Inco Superstack, with a height of 380 m (1,247 ft), is the tallest chimney in the Western hemisphere and the second tallest freestanding chimney in the world after the GRES-2 Power Station in Kazakhstan.

Oxides of Nitrogen cclurem/ptable/co.htm Smog event in Santiago, Chile Nitrogen dioxide

Figure 11.10: Effect of carbon monoxide on health (After W. Agnew Proceedings of the Royal Society A307:153.) CO: Concentration / Exposure

Lead Atmospheric lead compared with the exposure standard in Perth, Australia. Lead-based paints were phased out in the 1970s and lead was reduced and then removed from gasoline in the 1980s and 1990s.

hydrocarbons, HC (traffic) ozone, O 3 (photochemical reaction) nitric oxide, NO (traffic) nitrogen dioxide, NO 2 (reaction) Time of Day Concentration (ppm) Source: Carnegie Mellon University; Environmental Decision Making, Science & Technology Time Course of Ozone Formation

Elevation (m) Temperature (°C)  d, standard lapse rate -9.8  C/km Lapse Rate,  d,  a, atmospheric lapse rate averaging -6.5  C/km ambient stack (the rate of change of temperature with altitude)

Elevation (m) Temperature (°C)  d, standard lapse rate UNSTABLE Condition (good mixing)  a, atmospheric lapse rate ambient stack

Elevation (m) Temperature (°C) STABLE Condition (poor mixing)  d, standard lapse rate  a, atmospheric lapse rate ambient stack

Elevation (m) Temperature (°C) INVERSION (extremely poor mixing)  d, standard lapse rate  a, atmospheric lapse rate ambient stack

Inversion

Criteria Pollutant Standard Type Conc (µg∙m -3 ) Averaging Period Allowable Exceedance Carbon monoxide Primary and Secondary 10,000 40,000 8 hr 1 hr 1 per year LeadPrimary and Secondary 1.53 month average Nitrogen Dioxide Primary and Secondary 100annual mean OzonePrimary and Secondary 2101 hr1 per year PM 10 Primary and Secondary hour annual 1 day per year Sulfur Dioxide Primary (Sec) 365 (60) 80 (260) 24 hour annual HydrocarbonsPrimary and Secondary 1603 hr maximum National Ambient Air Quality Standards

National Nonattainment Areas (All Pollutants)

National Nonattainment Areas (Ozone)

National Nonattainment Areas (Sulfur Diozide)

Air Quality Index

Figure 11.6: Definition of particulate pollutants by size

Figure 12.2: Cyclone used for dust collection

Figure 12.3: Bag filter used for control of particulate air pollutants

Figure 12.4: Scrubber

Figure 12.5: Electrostatic precipitator used for control of particulate air pollutants

Figure 12.9: The effectiveness of various air pollution control devices depends on particle size.

Catalytic Converter Noble metals: resistant to corrosion, e.g. platinum and palladium

Acid Rain

Ozone Hole

Global Warming

Gaia Hypothesis The Gaia Hypothesis, formulated by James Lovelock in the mid-1960s, proposes that our planet functions as a single organism that maintains conditions necessary for its survival.