Centre for SDIs and Land Administration Department of Geomatics Spatial systems to support sustainable development Extension and Application of SDI to Support a Marine Dimension Abbas Rajabifard & Sheelan Vaez

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Personnel Abbas Rajabifard (CI) Ian Williamson (CI) Sheelan S.Vaez (PhD Candidate) Lisa Strain (MSc) Final Year Students

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Centre for SDIs and Land Administration Centre for SDIs and Land Administration www,marineadministration.org World Class Research Supporting Sustainable Development DataPeople Access Network Policy Standards Dynamic

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA The land-sea interface is one of the most complex areas of management in the world. There is the growing and urgent need to create a seamless platform that bridges the gap between the terrestrial and marine environments, creating a spatially enabled land- sea interface to more effectively meet sustainable development objectives. Introduction

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA The Significance of Data Spatial Data is further shaped by the decision-making process to which it is subject, SpatialData People Information AccessPolicyStandards Decision Making Process Management / Administration underpinned by access to spatial information. (Feeney 2002)

Centre for SDIs and Land Administration Department of Geomatics Spatial systems to support sustainable development To improve management of the coastal zone, there needs to be access and interoperability of both marine and terrestrial spatial data. In response to this situation, Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) have been developed to create an environment that will enable users to access and retrieve spatial datasets in an easy and secure way. SDI is developed to enable the use and sharing of spatial information and services to support decision-making at different scales for multiple purposes. Spatial Dimension of Coastal Management

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Spatial Data Infrastructure SDI is an integrated, on-line mechanism to deliver spatial data and services and information for applications, better business and policy decision-making, and value-added commercial activities. People Access Network Policy Standards Data Dynamic

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Current SDI Development Many countries have developed SDI at national, state and local levels, Most of these initiatives stop at the coastline, institutionally and/or spatially. Current SDI design is mainly focused on access to and use of land related datasets as well as land related problems, However, decision-makers in both land and marine related areas also need to access marine related datasets in order to effectively achieve their economic, social and environmental objectives. Organisational SDI Global SDI Regional SDI National SDI State SDI Local SDI

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Other Datasets Marine Industries & Development Policing & Conflict Resolution Marine Use Resource Management Marine Administration Sustainable Development Marine Policies Institutional Framework Planning & Management Legislation & Conventions DB Datasets SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE Oil & Gas Data Navigation Data Data SDI and Marine Administration

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Current Problem There is a lack of harmonised and universal access to seamless datasets from marine, coastal and land-based spatial data providers. LandSea

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Marine SDI & Seamless SDI Development of SDI in the marine environment would provide basis for integration of marine & terrestrial environments. The ultimate aim is to include a marine dimension to SDI models so that they work seamlessly both on land and at sea through. This seamless model will bridge the gap between the terrestrial and marine environments, creating the spatially enabled land-sea interface to more effectively meet sustainable development objectives. Coastal Zone Terrestrial Cadastre Marine Cadastre Spatial Data Infrastructure Seamless SDI

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Seamless SDI A seamless infrastructure was endorsed by the UN as part of the International Workshop on Administering the Marine Environment ( PCGIAP,2004). The inclusion and development of a marine administration component as part of a seamless SDI to “ensure a continuum across the coastal zone” further was supported (UNRCC-AP 2006 ). IHO S-100, is being based on the ISO/TC211 (IHO,2007). The integration should be carried out for both land and marine spatial data to build a seamless spatial data management throughout Indonesia. The integration of land and marine spatial data set is important since the seawater play role as a bridge connecting islands of Indonesia Archipelago (National Coordination Agency for Surveys and Mapping of Indonesia,2006).

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA 17th United Nations RCC-AP, Bangkok, September th United Nations RCC-AP, Bangkok, September 2006 Resolution 3: Marine SDI to support marine administration Recommendation: countries with an extensive marine jurisdiction and administrative responsibilities be encouraged to include the development of a marine administration component as part of a Seamless SDI that covers both land and marine jurisdictions to ensure a continuum across the coastal zone.

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA PCGIAP-International Workshop on Administering Marine Environment-The Spatial Dimension, Malaysia, 4-7 May 2004 Resolution : Defining the Spatial Dimension of the Marine Environment Recommends that the term “Marine Administration System” is adopted for the administration of rights, restrictions and responsibilities in the marine environment, with the spatial dimension facilitated by the Marine SDI, And further recommends that a marine cadastre is defined as a management tool which spatially describes, visualises and realises formally and informally defined boundaries and associated rights, restrictions and responsibilities in the marine environment as a data layer in a Marine SDI, allowing them to be more effectively identified, administered and accessed.

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Objectives Demonstrate the need for the development of a framework to enable SDI to incorporate and facilitate the access and use of marine cadastral data. Research interoperable data design, an important aspect of data integration and exchange between marine agencies using SDIs, as the basis of spatial business systems.

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Objectives The intention of this component is to extend, modify and test the principles that underlie SDI models (in particular the ASDI model) in an offshore context with particular attention on the coastal zone. The ultimate aim is to facilitate the inclusion of a marine dimension to SDI models so that they work seamlessly both on land and at sea environments.

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Methodology This research uses a case study approach to examine the applicability of the SDI concept and components to the marine environment. The end result is an extended model and associated tools that will facilitate the development of a ‘seamless infrastructure’.

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA The mapping “solution” NMAs and HOs generally use: Different coordinate systems Different projections Different datums (Hz & V) Different content RESULT: Users cannot reference any object consistently across the coastal zone (Keith Murray, UK 2007)

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA A formal SDI solution Common framework to support: Interoperable coordinate systems & datums Interoperable objects along agreed boundary Interoperable Feature Catalogues RESULT: Marine SDI and Land SDI link up seamlessly Common height datum (Keith Murray, UK 2007)

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Outcomes Justification/Model Development Case study 11 Publications - ISI Journal of Marine Policy, Journal of Spatial Sciences,2006 &GIS Development, Book chapter contribution to FIG Commission 4, Professional Magazine of Coordinates, Conferences: IHO Marine SDI 2007,SSC 2007,CoastGIS07 Hydro07,GSDI ,WALIS 2008 Involvement in International Collaborations (IHO Marine SDI Working Group)

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Current Research Objectives Undertaking examination of the “Seamless SDI model” with an objective to:  Identify the characteristics and components for the design of a seamless SDI model (based on SOA)  Develop seamless SDI model to incorporate identified characteristics (based on SOA)  Develop an implementation strategy and guidelines  Test and improve seamless SDI model and associated strategy and guidelines using a case study approach.

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Marine SDI? What are the Essential Ingredients of Marine SDI? Same general components as terrestrial equivalents: –Basic Reference Data –Metadata creation and Standards –Enabling Technologies –Regulatory Frameworks –Institutional Arrangements and Policies –People But many of these presents unique challenges off-shore People Access Network Policy Standards Data Dynamic

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Spatial Data Infrastructure People –Already some level of spatial data sharing occurring in ad-hoc manner –Institutional unwillingness and perceived lack of ability to share data –Need to identify possible custodians of ‘fundamental’ marine spatial datasets –Custodians responsible for following set standards and policies will influence implementation and development of marine dimension of NSDI

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Spatial Data Infrastructure Policies –Influenced by international best practice in spatial data management –NOO – Marine Science and Technology Plan avoiding duplication data consistency improved access to data coordinated data management –Similar to policies in ANZLIC (1999) Policy Statement on Spatial Data Management

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Spatial Data Infrastructure Policies cont. –Some other differences in marine and spatial data may concern policies including: Privacy – fishing data, oil and gas exploration data Access – wireless data download for real time access in emergency response Quality – complex environment, may be difficult to collect data to same level of quality and completeness

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Spatial Data Infrastructure Technology –Standards cover data access, content and exchange –Interoperability of data relies on use of common standards Data formats, dictionaries, metadata, reference frames etc. –Many data access networks occurring as separate initiatives from ASDD, although some are available –Marine XML developing as an exchange language for marine spatial data

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA User Access User Interface –‘based on my current location, what legislative restrictions impact on what I can do?’ –Access and query spatial data and metadata to provide decision support for stakeholders in the marine environment Web services –metadata search facility –keyword search facility –spatial location search facility –data download mechanism to access spatial data

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Pilot Project Location

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Access Networks MetadataMany portals Wireless access Promote ASDD / common portal People Lead agency Cooperation Institutional willingness Institutional ability Vertical communication Data Limited availability Interoperability Marine Cadastre Marine SDI initiatives No fundamental datasets Policies SensitivityQuality Promote data sharing Avoidance of duplication Pricing Standards Data formatsReference frames Marine XML Interoperability Standards Common standards Main Opportunities and Limitations for Marine SDI Strain,2006

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA How Does this Research Fit in the Marine Cadastre Project? Cadastre is a fundamental data layer in SDI Underpins other data layers Will need to comply with standards, policies, and access components of SDI Also supported by ASDI that enables access and use of marine cadastral data

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Competing and Conflicting Interests in Coastal Zone Competing and Conflicting Interests in Coastal Zone Coastal zone Marine Heritage Coastal Defense/Security Tourism and Recreation Aquaculture Navigation Fishing Mining Environment and Landscape Marine Land Disposal of Waste

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Major Marine /Coastal Management Issues Loss of Habitat and Coastal Wetlands Shore Line Erosion and Sea Level Rise Global Warming Indigenous Resource Management Rapid Coastal Population Growth Lack of Suitable Sites for Aquaculture Protecting Marine Heritage Over Fishing Marine Defense and Security Oil, Gas and Mineral Extraction Native Title Claims Pollution Disposal of Waste Increased Tourism and Recreation Confliction and Competing Demands Accelerating Rate of Urbanisation Depleted Petroleum (Oil and gas) Overfished Commercial Fisheries Overfished Recreational Fisheries Importance level

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Coastal Management Issues in Port Phillip Bay

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Coastal Management Issues in Port Phillip Bay

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Coastal Management Issues in Port Phillip Bay Issues of coastal managementYesSomewhat Overlapping interest X Data gaps over the coastal zone X Resolution differences due to scale variations X Spatial data access and sharing X Interoperability issues X Port Phillip Bay Case Study,2006

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Issues Data interoperability Data integratability Immature institutional arrangements Challenges Copyright, ownership privacy and licensing Pricing and cost recovery Issues  Complex physical and institutional relationship  Conflicting uses, activity and interests  Integration of oceanic and land-based databases  Inherent interrelationships between marine/coastal data and data covering in-land regions  Data gaps over the coastal zone Challenges  Harmonised and universal access to oceanic, coastal and land-based spatial data  Capacity building, funding  Security and privacy issues  Develop the national Coastal SDI as a subset of national SDI Issues  Highly dynamic with 4D boundaries  Poor accuracy, precision, consistency and completeness  No spatial descriptions for legislation and various boundaries  Immature institutional arrangements Challenges  Privacy and sensitivity  Building partnerships Issues and challenges of the land, coast, and marine environments Land Coast Marine

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Issues in Developing Seamless SDI  Technical Issues The dynamic and fuzzy nature of the shoreline Existence of different data formats, datums and also lack of metadata and consistency in data Difference in scale, quality, coverage and format of spatial data S-57 hydrographic data standards are not at the same level of completeness as ISO/TC 211

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Dynamic and Fuzzy Nature of the Shoreline

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Integration of Land and Marine Spatial Data NoItemTopographic MapNautical Chart 1Coastline -Taken from aerial photograph (the meeting line of land and water at time of exposure) -Local Astronomic Tide (LAT) 2Horizontal Datum -GDA94 -WGS84 -GDA94 -WGS84 - AGD66 3Vertical Datum -AHD (Australian Height Datum or Mean Sea Level) for land elevations. -no depth information -Mean Sea Level (MSL) for land elevations. -Chart Datum for depth information: LAT, ISLW 4Projection system -Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM). -Mercator 5Digital Storage Format -Various format (DWG, ARC, SHP,Hardcopy ) -Digital Nautical Charts: Raster (TIFF, ECW) -Electronic Navigation Chart: DIGITAL - S-57 Version 3.1 -Nautical Chart: Digital and Non digital - Raster HCRF V2 / GEOTIFF V1 (not to be used for navigation), Hardcopy Printed Charts -Bathymetric Map: Digital and Non digital-ASCII, Hardcopy - Printed maps 6Scale -Systematically (1 to 10K, 25K, 50K, 100K, 250K). -Not Systematically (range from large scale to small scale)

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Issues in Developing a Seamless SDI  Institutional and Legal Issues Various spatial datasets are collected and stored by different organisations Immature institutional arrangements Limited knowledge of marine and coastal environment, boundaries and their associated rights, restrictions and responsibilities

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Issues in Developing Seamless SDI  Policy Issues Restrictive national security and pricing policy regarding marine and coastal data Complex, fragmented regulating framework for marine and coastal management Lack of agreed framework of standards, policies and coordination mechanisms

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA National InitiativesNational Initiatives -Australia: Marine Cadastre, Marine SDI, Oceans Portal, Australian Marine Spatial Information System (AMSIS), Australian Marine Boundary Information System (AMBIS) -United States: Coastal SDI, Marine Cadastre -Canada: Marine Geospatial Data Infrastructure (MGDI),Marine Governance, Marine Cadastre -England: Marine Geospatial Data Infrastructure (MGDI) -Ireland: Marine Irish Digital Atlas (MIDA)

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Regional Initiatives - INSPIRE - EU Water Framework Directive - Asia-Pacific Regional SDI (APSDI) Global Initiatives - Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) - Global Ocean Observation System (GOOS) - Ocean21 - FIG commission 4 & 7

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Conclusion A more integrated and holistic approach to management of coastal and marine environments would be facilitated by the extension of the SDI on a seamless platform; As one platform instead of two to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the management and administration of the land, marine and coastal environments; Need to understand link between the terrestrial and marine environments – they cannot be treated isolation; However, the differences in the marine and terrestrial environments in fundamental datasets, data collection and technology used will make interoperability and integratability between marine and terrestrial spatial data a big challenge.

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA FutureDirection Future Direction Design and Develop detailed Architect for Seamless SDI platform (using SOA) Seamless SDI Governance Structure Socio-economic and socio-technical impact study Description of Seamless SDI using the Unified Modelling Language( UML)

Spatial systems to support sustainable development Centre for SDIs and LA Thank You University of Melbourne