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Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Lifestyle, Stress, & Health 1.Cultural Evolution: Lifestyle Choices and Consequences 2.Healthy and Unhealthy Lifestyles 3.Preventing Unhealthy Lifestyles Through Self-Control 4.Stress and Health 5.Coping with Everyday Stress

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Cultural Evolution: Lifestyle Choices and Consequences  Cultural evolution is the adaptive change of a culture to recurrent environmental pressures  Lifestyle: the total behavior of a person or the way in which a person leads their life

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Healthy and Unhealthy Lifestyles  Nutrition  Physical Fitness  Cigarette Smoking  Drinking Alcoholic Beverages  Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Correlation Between Diet and Breast Cancer F 16.1 Adapted from Cohen, L. A. (1987). Diet and cancer. Scientific American, 102, 42–48. Reprinted with permission from Slim Films, New York City.

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Fat, Fiber, and Health F 16.2 U.S. Department of Agriculture Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion April 2005 CNPP-16

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Physical Fitness  Lack of exercise is correlated with increased risk of CHD  People who exercise regularly appear to accumulate less body fat and to be less vulnerable to the negative effects of stress  !! They also live longer !!

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Cigarette Smoking  Cigarette smoking is addictive  Cigarette smoking is associated with:  Heart disease  Cancer  Emphysema  Stroke  It is estimated that 438, 000 die prematurely in 2005 as a result of smoking

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Source: It’s never too late to quit. (1989). Living Well, IX(4). Kalamazoo, MI: Bob Hope International Heart Research Institute.

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Drinking Alcoholic Beverages  Drinking alcoholic beverages is addictive  Drinking alcoholic beverages is associated with:  Heart disease  Cancer  Stroke  Liver damage  Drinking while pregnant can seriously harm the fetus (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and AIDS  Many sexual practices can result in STDs and/or AIDS  AIDS and many STDs are lethal  Safe sex practices can reduce your chances of getting an STD or AIDS  Many people do not practice safe sex  Especially while under the influence of alcohol (MacDonald, Zanna, & Fong, 1998)

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Preventing Unhealthy Lifestyles Through Self-Control  Self-control: behavior that produces a larger, longer-term reward when people are faced with the choice between it and the smaller, short-term reward F 16.3

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Stress and Health  The Biological Basis of Stress  Cognitive Appraisal and Stress  Stressful Lifestyles and Impaired Health

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior The Biological Basis of Stress  Selye’s general adaptation syndrome F 16.4 from Stress without Distress by Hans Selye, M.D. Copyright © 1974 by Hans Selye, M.D. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers.

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior The Biological Basis of Stress  People employed in stressful situations often have long lasting consequences (e.g., high blood pressure) F 16.5 Based on data from Cobb, S., & Rose, R. M. (1973). Hypertension, peptic ulcer, and diabetes in air traffic controllers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 82, 476–482.

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior The Biological Basis of Stress F 16.6

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Cognitive Appraisal and Stress  Cognitive appraisal is the individual’s perception of a stressful situation that affects the response to the situation

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Stressful Lifestyles and Impaired Health  Type A is …  A behavior pattern that is characterized by high levels of competitiveness and hostility  Associated with increased risk of heart disease  May have more to do with hostility

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Stress and the Immune System  The immune system attacks invaders using either ß- lymphocytes or T-lymphocytes F 16.7

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Stress Inhibits Rat’s Immune Responses  Rats unable to produce stress hormones did not have a decrease in the immune response (Fig. A)  Not all stress responses are affected by hormones (Fig. B) F 16.8 Based on data from Keller, S. E., Weiss, J. M., Schleifer, S. J., Miller, N. E., & Stein, M. (1983). Stress-induced suppression of immunity in adrenalectomized rats. Science, 221, 1301–1304.

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Stress Inhibits Your Immune Responses F 16.9 Based on data from Stone, A. A., Reed, B. R., & Neale, J. M. (1987). Changes in daily event frequency precede episodes of physical symptoms. Journal of Human Stress, 13, 70–74.)

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Major Life Events are Stressful F Adapted from Schleifer, S. J., Keller, S. E., Camerino, M., Thornton, J. C., & Stein, M. (1983). Suppression of lymphocyte stimulation following bereavement. Journal of the American Medical Association, 250, 374–377.)

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Coping with Everyday Stress  Sources of Stress  Coping Styles and Strategies  Stress Inoculation Training

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Sources of Stress  Almost everything we do is stressful  Making choices is stressful  Holidays are stressful!  Stress can be measured by several questionnaires  Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Holmes & Rahe, 1967)  Daily Hassles and Uplifts Scale (DeLongis, Folkman, & Lazarus, 1988)

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Coping Styles and Strategies  How we predict and react to stressful situations is called our coping strategy  Problem focused coping: a strategy directed at reducing or eliminating a stressor  Emotion focused coping: a strategy directed at changing your emotional reaction to a stressor

Ch Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Psychology: The Science of Behavior Stress Inoculation Training  One of the best ways of dealing with stress is to anticipate the stressor and decide how you are going to cope with it  Meichenbaum (1985, 1993) has developed a problem-focused coping plan that increases a person’s ability to cope with stress  Part 1: conceptualization phase  Part 2: skills acquisition phase  Part 3: application and follow-through