Semi Hypothetical Case City Archetypes -The ScorePP approach to evaluating Emission Control Strategies (1 st preliminary version of D9.6) By multiple colleagues from DTU, MU and UGent 1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark 2 Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex University, United Kingdom. 3 Environmental Monitoring, City of Stockholm, Sweden

Content 1. Introduction 2. The ScorePP focus and approach 3. Lack of data 4. Emission Control Strategies 5. Case Cities and ”Semi Hypothetical Case City Archetypes” 6. Examples of preliminary results

The ScorePP approach Limiting release through: - Substitution - Minimising release from products - Legislation and regulations - Voluntary use reductions O D+T T Example: Combined system: D+TT +T Treatment options: - Stormwater BMPs - Household treatment & reuse of WW - On-site industrial treatment - WWTPs - Sludge disposal Sinks: - Primary: Surface water (WFD) - Secondary: Sediments, soils, groundwater, vegetation, air, humans,... R+T T

Limiting release and emissions Pre-Application Control: Voluntary and regulatory initiatives, legislation, preventative measures, phasing out, substitutions etc Pre-Environmental Release Treatment: municipal and industrial WWTPs and greywater as well as combined sewer overflows treatment etc Post-Environmental Release Control and Treatment: structural and non- structural stormwater best management practices, management of sinks etc

WP2: Analysis of case cities 2.1 Baseline studies in case cities 2.2 Identification of PPs for further work in case cities 2.3 Improved monitoring in case cities (presented yesterday) 2.4 Identification of appropriate emission control strategies in case cities 2.5 Substance flow analysis for selected PPs in case cities 2.6 Evaluation of identified emission control strategies

CITY OF STOCKHOLM Cadmium loads (kg/year) in case city A and B

WP2: Analysis of case cities 2.1 Baseline studies in case cities 2.2 Identification of PPs for further work in case cities 2.3 Improved monitoring in case cities (presented yesterday) 2.4 Identification of appropriate emission control strategies in case cities 2.5 Substance flow analysis for selected PPs in case cities 2.6 Evaluation of identified emission control strategies There is a huge lack of data Thus, we also work on a more general level, with ”semi- hypothetical case city archetypes”...

BatteriesPaintsPlastics Cadmium WATER Direct WATER Indirect (sewers) Urban Run-off (sep. stormw.) BenzeneDEHP From: C. Viavattene, Middlesex University

Emission Control Strategies (ECS) Emission control strategies are combination of individual options(source control barriers or treatment units) The ScorePP ECS’s: 1: Baseline 2: Implementation of relevant EU directives 3: 2 + Household voluntary initiatives and on-site treatment 4: 2 + Industrial Best Available Technologies 5: 2 + Post-Environmental Release Control and Treatment (stormwater and CSO) 6: 2 + Advanced end-of-pipe treatment

Emission Control Strategies (ECS) ECS1: Baseline (no treatment at all; only consisting of unlimited release based on the ES concept) ECS2: Implementation of relevant EU directives; UWWT, sewage sludge and IPPC Directives etc. ECS3: ECS2 + Household voluntary initiatives and on-site treatment, for example greywater treatment, household recycling of batteries, etc. ECS4: ECS2 + Industrial BAT and beyond. Generic BAT is also applied to small-scale industries (facilities) in this case, such as barbershops or paint retailers that are not specifically covered elsewhere by chemical regulations. Technologies beyond current BAT that are implemented for large-scale production plants are also covered by this ECS.

Emission Control Strategies (ECS) ECS1: Baseline (no treatment at all; only consisting of unlimited release based on the ES concept) ECS2: Implementation of relevant EU directives; UWWT, sewage sludge and IPPC Directives etc. ECS 5: ECS2 + Post-Environmental Release Control and Treatment (stormwater, CSOs and old contaminated sinks). Here, stormwater treatment, street sweeping, mitigation and treatment of CSOs as well as cleanup of historical contamination (e.g., dredging of harbour sediment) is all included. ECS 6: ECS2 + Advanced end-of-pipe treatment. The UWWT (91/271/EEC) calls for secondary treatment of urban wastewater, here tertiary treatment and advanced oxidation processes are explored.

Three kinds of case cities ScorePP case cities Case cities in other European projects Semi-hypothetical case city archetypes

ScorePP case cities Prague (Czech republic) Stockholm (Sweden) Saint Malo (France) San Sebastian (Spain) Quebec (Canada) Vastly different with respect to climate, industry, treatment technologies and environmental awareness. + Real-life monitoring, existing industries and release patterns etc - Limited by missing or confidential information

Case cities in other European projects Review of European water related projects ( ) 87 reviewed, 31 contacted and 17 replies Primary selection criteria: Geographical location Good contacts Secondary selection criteria: City characteristics; Climate End-users Management & governance Technique/structure

’Semi-hypothetical case city archetypes’ Semi-hypothetical case cities are defined Designed to represent different geographical and urban systems All data needed for further work (modelling, visualisation, multi-criteria analysis, evaluation of emission control strategies) is by definition available, because we “construct it” !

Emission Control Strategies for “semi-hypothetical case city archetypes” Emission control strategies Trends and prospects – case city 2025 Urban system Economical Social Stakeholder involvement Technical Urbanisation (% impermeable surfaces, housing density etc) Industrialisation (%: heavy & light industry, white-collar business, agriculture etc) Logistics (types and amounts of transport) Government, legislature Non-governmental organisations, voluntary initiatives Resources (raw materials, refinement) Economics: GNP, Gini coefficient Social: Human Development Index (HDI) Public/private waterworks and wastewater treatment plants Geographical system Climate Environmental Size (area, population, density) Climate (inland/coastal; southern/northern) Water resources (groundwater, surface water, desalination) Geographical system Urban system Emission control strategies

SHCCA’s and ECS’s Two SHCCA’s defined, a Eastern Europe Inland (EI) and a Nordic Europe Coastal (NC) EI 1.2 M inhabitants GDP per head: EUR EPER-level A: 70 50% combined sewers NC 0.51 M inhabitants GDP per head: EUR EPER-level A: 30 90% combined sewers Both Secondary treatment

SFA’s and ECS evaluations in ScorePP PPCace city A and B EINCIUWS Model B[a]PXXX (EI) CdXXX DEHPXXX (NC) DiuronXX HCBXX HgXXX NiX NPsXX PBDEXX C10-C13XX

Example: C10-13, SHCCA ”Eastern Inland”

Example: DEHP, SHCCA ”Northern Coastal”

23 Example: scenario: decoupling stormwater (infiltration pond) Infiltration pond soil (ug/kg solids) Combined sewer system Stormwater to infiltration ponds

Conclusions The examples shown here are ”preliminary”, i.e. the actual numbers and the way to present them may change over the next months The overall aim is to synthesize as much information from the project as possible, in task 9.6 and 9.7 Emission Control Strategies are combinations of individual Emission Control Options Semi-Hypothetical Case City Archetypes are defined to allow generalisation and avoid problems with lacking data We have defined a range of ”standardised” ECS (#1-#6) that we will evaluate for selected SHCCA’s, as well as for the case cities This, remaining part of the work will focus on a selection of PPs as shown previously

Source Control Options for Reducing Emission of Priority Pollutants from Urban Areas Thanks to colleagues from DTU Environment: H.-C. Holten Lützhøft, E. Eriksson, L. Vezzaro, H. Birch, A. Ledin to many other colleagues from: Middlesex University, UK Gent University, Belgium Anjou Recherge, France ENVICAT Consulting, Belgium University of Ljubljana, Slovenia ESTUDIS, Spain Environmental Monitoring, Stockholm City, Sweden modelEAU, Canada and to the European Commission: Project Coordinator: Peter Steen Mikkelsen DTU Environment, Dept. of Environ. Engineering Technical University of Denmark

Project plan WP Mth Resp WP1: User requirement analysis and dissemination to end-users DTU WP2: Analysis of case studiesAR WP3: Source characterisation of priority pollutantsDTU WP4: Limiting release of priority pollutantsENVICAT WP5: Treatment optionsMU WP6: GIS-based identification of emission control measures UL WP7: Models and monitoring strategiesUGent WP8: Socio-economic analysis of source control measures ESTUDIS WP9: Integration of knowledge and comparison of emission control strategies DTU WP10: Project management and coordinationDTU Establishing technical-scientific facts GIS, models, monitoring Socio-economic and integrated analyses Case studies Advisory board, PPRIS Now!