Java Swing Recitation – 11/(20,21)/2008 CS 180 Department of Computer Science, Purdue University

Announcements Project 8 is out  Milestone due on Dec 3rd, 10:00 pm  Final due on Dec 10th, 10:00 pm No classes, recitations and labs next week. No study group meeting next Tuesday. Consulting hours will be held only on Monday 7-10 pm.

Event Driven Programming Most GUI programs involve events and event handlers. A GUI event is an object that represents some action such as clicking the mouse, dragging the mouse, pressing a keyboard key, clicking the close-window button on a window, etc. When an object generates an event, it is said to fire the event.

4 Event Driven Programming An event is an object that represents an action Event handling is similar to exception handling Difference –  Exceptions are created by user code or java interpreter.  Events are created by external actions, such as user interactions through a GUI

Programming Example: A Simple Window This simple program produces a window and displays some text. JFrame : to create a window JLabel : to create a label getContentPane().add() : add a component such as a label to the content pane of the window setTitle() : set the title of the window setSize() : set the size of the window setVisible() : Method setVisible permits the programmer to specify when GUI objects should be displayed and when they should not

public class makeWindow { public static void main(String args[]) { JFrame myWindow=new JFrame(); //create the window myWindow.setSize(300, 200); //set the title of the window myWindow.setTitle("this is a window"); //create the label JLabel myLabel=new JLabel("this is a label"); //add the label to the content pane of the window myWindow.getContentPane().add(myLabel); //set color of the content pane myWindow.getContentPane().setBackground(Color.CYAN); //make the window visible myWindow.setVisible(true); } A Frame This area is the content pane Example Programming Example: A Simple Window

7 Layout Managers A layout manager arranges objects within a container After a container has been created, you can set its layout manager using the setLayout method.  For example: Container contentPane = frame.getContentPane(); contentPane.setLayout(new FlowLayout()); FlowLayout : It simply lays out components in a single row, starting a new row if its container is not sufficiently wide.

8 Layout Managers BorderLayout : It places components in up to five areas: top, bottom, left, right, and center.  Every content pane is initialized to use a BorderLayout. GridLayout : It simply arranges a bunch of components in a grid of rows and columns. Components are ordered in a row- major fashion.

Example - Border Layout A BorderLayout manager can place a component into any of the five regions. Regions which are unused give up their space to BorderLayout.CENTER. This layout limits the GUI to five objects, these are almost always five (or fewer) JPanels. Equivalent forms for center: content.add(label3, BorderLayout.CENTER); and content.add(label3, “Center”); and (for center ONLY) content.add(label3); Even though BorderLayout is default, it’s better to set the layout explicitly

Buttons A button is a GUI component that looks like a button and fires an event when it is clicked using a mouse. Like a label, a button is created and added to a container. Unlike a label, a button can fire an event and the event can cause a GUI to perform some action. Buttons are instances of the JButton class.

Adding Buttons A button is created using JButton Button_Name = new JButton(“Button_Label”); A button is added to a container using Container_Name.add(Button_Name);

Action Listeners and Action Events For each button, the GUI needs to  register (specify) the listener object(s).  define the methods to be invoked when an event is fired. Buttons fire action events which are handled by action listeners. An action listener is an object of type ActionListener, and ActionListener is an interface Note: A user defined GUI class can itself be its own listener if it implements the ActionListener interface.

Action Listeners and Action Events, cont. To make a class into an ActionListener,  add implements ActionListener to the heading of the class definition  Define a method named actionPerformed.  register the ActionListener object with the component that will fire the event using the method addActionListener(..) The actionPerformedMethod of the ActionListener class will be called every time the object fires an event. This is an important step that must not be forgotten.  (A component may register with more than one listener.)

Buttons and an Action Listener

The actionPerformed Method An actionListener class must have a method named actionPerformed that has one parameter of type ActionEvent. syntax public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { Code_for_Actions_Performed }

Method setActionCommand Every object that fires an action event has an associated string known as the action command for that component. e.getActionCommand() returns the action command for the component that fired the event e. The default action command for a button is its name. Method setActionCommand(String) can be used to change the action command for the object.

. Example with buttons

Example with buttons

The JPanel Class A GUI can be organized hierarchically, with window-like containers inside other containers. Components can be placed in a JPanel which can be placed in another JPanel, … which can be placed in a JFrame. E.g, to place two components in BorderLayout.SOUTH for example, simply place the two components in a panel and place the panel in the BorderLayout.SOUTH position. The panel has its own layout manager.

Example with JPanel Container contentPane = getContentPane (); contentPane.setBackground (Color.BLUE); contentPane.setLayout (new BorderLayout ()); JPanel buttonPanel = new JPanel (); buttonPanel.setBackground (Color.WHITE); buttonPanel.setLayout (new FlowLayout ()); JButton stopButton = new JButton ("Red"); stopButton.setBackground (Color.RED); stopButton.addActionListener (this); buttonPanel.add (stopButton); JButton goButton = new JButton ("Green"); goButton.setBackground (Color.GREEN); goButton.addActionListener (this); buttonPanel.add (goButton); contentPane.add (buttonPanel, BorderLayout.SOUTH); Adding panel to the frame Adding a green button to the panel Adding a red button to the panel Creating a panel with flow layout

The JPanel Class, cont. Panel with two buttons since BorderLayout limits the GUI to five objects, there are usually JPanels (five or fewer) in the pane.

The Container Class An object of a class which descends from class Container is called a container class and can have components added to it. Examples –  JFrame is a descendent of class Container, permitting any JFrame object to hold labels, buttons, panels, and other components.  JPanel is a descendent of class Container, permitting any JPanel object to hold labels, buttons, other panels, and other components.

Text I/O using JTextField Create a text field with some initial text JTextField textfield = new JTextField("Initial Text"); Create a text field with some initial text and a default number of columns. The number of columns controls the preferred width of the component textfield = new JTextField("Initial Text", cols); Use textfield.getText() to return the written text

Text I/O using JTextArea Create a text area with some initial text JTextArea textarea = new JTextArea("Initial Text"); Create a text area with some initial text and a default number of rows and columns. This number of rows and columns controls the preferred width and height of the component; textarea = new JTextArea(“InitialText", rows, cols);

Quiz GUI components can be added to an object of any class that descends from the _______ class.