HUMAN SYSTEMS

INTEGUMENTARY skin most important organ 20lbs. or 16% total body weight heaviest organ skin, hair, nails, and specialized sweat and oil producing glands controlled by many tiny specialized sense organs

FUNCTION PROTECTION

Protection from: – Disease – Mechanical damage to underlying organs – Chemicals – Regulation of body temp.

SKELETAL Includes bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints FUNCTION: – support – protection – storage (minerals) – formation of red blood cells flexibility

MUSCULAR voluntary (striated) and involuntary (smooth) recall tendons attach muscle to bone voluntary muscles (contractions) tend to move bones

NERVOUS brain, spinal cord, and nerves are the organs extensive network of nerves FUNCTIONS: – Communication between body functions – Integration of body functions – Control of body function – Recognition of sensory stimuli

achieved by nerve impulses: rapid and precise can also recognize stimuli: heat, light, pressure

ENDOCRINE specialized glands (ductless) that secrete hormones directly into blood

FUNCTION – Communication – Integrations – Control similar to NS slower, but longer-lasting control main regulators of : growth, metabolism, reproduction

widely distributed organs: pituitary, pineal, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas (testes and ovaries)

CARDIOVASCULAR heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries closed system blood, pumped by heart, circulates body

FUNCTION: – Transportation (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, wastes) – Regulation of body temp – Immunity

LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS includes lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and special organs (tonsils, thymus gland, spleen) vessels are filled with lymph, rather blood

LYMPH a whitish, water fluid that contain lymphocytes, proteins, and some fatty molecules formed from the fluid around the body cells and diffuses into the lymph vessels is not a closed system at some point lymph enters the circulatory system by passing through large ducts, like thoracic duct

this in turn connect with veins collections of lymph nodes are found in axillary (armpit) and inguinal (groin) areas

FUNCTION : – Movement of fluids and large molecules from matrices – Movement of the fat-related nutrients from digestive tract ALL back to blood

the immune system protects us from disease-causing microorganisms, toxins, foreign tissue cell, and our own cells that have become malignant some immune cells can attack, engulf, and destroy micro. by phagocytosis most other cells secrete proteins – antibodies and complements

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM organs include nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs permits the movement of air into alveoli

FUNCTION: – Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide – Air warmed and humidified – Removes inhaled irritants – Regulation of acid-base balance of body

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM two groups primary and secondary primary organs form tube, open at both ends, called GASTROINTESTNAL (GI tract)

FUNCTION: – Digestion of nutrients – Absorption of nutrients – Excretion of wastes (feces)

URINARY SYSTEM organs: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

kidneys FUNCTION: – clean blood of wastes produced by cells – maintain electrolyte, water, and acid-base balance waste = urine

REPRODUCTION male: gonads (testes), ducts (vas deferens), gland (prostate) and genitalia (penis and scrotum) urethra is part of urinary and reproductive systems testes produce sperm (gamete) and prostate add fluids to sperm

female: gonads (ovaries), ducts (fallopian tubes), accessory organs (uterus, vagina), and genitalia (vulva) gamete: ova

mammary glands considered external accessory organs fertilization is union of gametes (sperm and ova) once fertilized the ova implants in uterus for development