GS 1 – Introduction to Global Studies Professor: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography Topic 1 – What is Globalization? A – Setting the Context B – Representations of the World C – The Processes of Globalization

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Conditions of Usage ■ For personal and classroom use only Excludes any other forms of communication such as conference presentations, published reports and papers. ■ No modification and redistribution permitted Cannot be published, in whole or in part, in any form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. ■ Citation Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University.

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue A – SETTING THE CONTEXT The Nature Globalization When Did Globalization Began? Imperialism, Mercantilism and Capitalism Globalization: Elements of the Debate

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue The Nature of Globalization ■ A multidimensional concept Is globalization economic, political, cultural, technological? All of the above. A process; it is dynamic (change). Awareness: People, governments and corporations. The “world is getting smaller”. Geography is less constraining. Action: Accessibility (easier for people and freight to move). Telecommunications (easier to exchange information). Transactions (easier to negotiate, trade and settle transactions).

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue “Arabica Universalis”: One of the World’s Most Traded Commodity

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Forms of Cultural Globalization Homogenization Emergence of a dominant global culture. Diffusion Transposition of some traits from one location to another. Stamping Transposition of traits to a specific location (enclave). Adaptation Changes of traits to better fit local traits. Co-existence Global and local cultural traits independently taking place.

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Hong Kong Skyline (China): Homogenization?

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Jordan: Diffusion?

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Suburbs of Moscow: Adaptation?

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Hong Kong (ATM and roasted pig) and South Korea (Buddhist Monk): Co-Existence?

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Cancun (Mexico): Stamping?

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Major Forms of Globalization FormCultural / SocialPoliticalEconomic Nature How globalization changed human behavior? What forms of regulation or control are linked with globalization? How globalization influences wealth creation and distribution? Outcomes Homogenization Hybridization Rejection Transnational agreements (global or regional) Trade, new markets, new products Issues Is a global culture emerging? Are forms of global governance suitable? Is globalization promoting inequalities?

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Main Possible Causes of Globalization CauseDimension Technology Scientific standardization (weights and measures, time zones). Communication technology (mass communication, internet, electronic translation). Transport technology (air transport, containerization). Cultural Spread of ideologies (religions, democracy). Development of global events (Olympics, World Cup). Consumerism (global brands). Economic Voyages of exploration (15th – 17th centuries). Commercial policy (free trade). Expansion of trade and markets (comparative advantages). Multinational corporations (global production). Political Supra-national regulations (institutions facilitating international exchanges). Environmental consciousness (climate change, resource depletion).

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue When Did Globalization Began? AntiquityModern AgePost-Modern Time Frame Since the beginning of history Nineteenth centuryAfter World War II Basis Exploration, war (expansion) and trade Mass production and consumption Trade liberalization Acceleration Age of exploration of colonialism Industrial revolutionTransport of telecommunication systems System Imperialism / Mercantilism Imperialism / CapitalismCapitalism / Corporatism Form EmpiresNation-StatesEconomic blocs

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Early Forms of Globalization: Empires Han Dynasty in China (2 nd century BC to 3 rd century)The Roman Empire (1 st century BC to 5 th century) Islamic Golden Age (8 th century to 13 th century) Mongol Empire (12 th century to 13 th century)

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Intermediate Globalization: The British Empire, % of the world’s surface 25% of the world’s population

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Advanced Globalization: Economic Integration Levels, 2011

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Imperialism, Mercantilism and Capitalism ImperialismMercantilismCapitalism Definition Expansion by territorial conquest Control and monopoly of the trade of commodities Generation and accumulation of capital Growth Domination and subordination Unequal tradeProductivity (profit) Agent MilitaryStateCorporation Main relation Tribute / tradeTrade / taxesTransactions Territories ProtectoratesColoniesMarkets Example Roman EmpireDutch East India CompanyFord

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Roman Empire, c125AD Empires collapse because of overstretch: resources to maintain hegemony exceed resources collected. Theft, plunder, taxation and (hyper)inflation (final phase).

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Dutch East India Company, Trade Network, 17th Century

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Cost and Production of Ford Vehicles,

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Globalization: Elements of the Debate Pro-GlobalizationAnti-Globalization Main model Laissez-faire capitalismSocialism Trade Free-tradeFair-trade Growth Creates prosperity and opportunities Results in inequalities Culture Cultural fusion (promotion of positive cultural traits) Erode traditional cultures and promotes homogenization Relations Positive-sumZero-sum Environment Lead to an efficient allocation of resources Promotes unsustainability Welfare Improvement in life expectancy and education Erosion of the middle class and exploitation of labor Politics Improve civil liberties and democracy Process subjugated by corporations

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue B – REPRESENTATIONS OF THE WORLD Antiquity: Discovering Geography Middle Ages: Retrenchment The Age of Discovery: Drawing the World Map Modern Era: A Finite World

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue B – Representations of the World ■ Knowledge about the world Needs to be expressed and stored. The map was traditionally the main tool for such a purpose. Globalization: Growing quantity of knowledge available. Easier to transmit this knowledge (mass media, IT, language).

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue The Four Major Phases in the Cartographic Representation of the World Antiquity (up to 500 AD) Middle Ages (5th to 15th Century) Age of Discovery (16th to 19th Century) Modern Era (20th Century onward)

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Antiquity: Discovering Geography ■ Herodotus (circa 450 BC) Inspired by Pythagoras (530 BC) and his geometry. Father of geography. Basic physical and human geography. Exploration and travel instead of geometry. Coined the terms Europe, Asia and Africa (Libya). Familiar “Terra incognita” Legends Accounts Distance Accuracy Trade route

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Herodotus (450 B.C.) (recreation)

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Antiquity ■ Aristotle (circa 350 BC) Considered physical elements such as the temperature and winds as factors of the human habitat. Division of the world in 3 climatic zones. Relationships between the environment (temperature) and human habitat. One of the first physical geographer. Judged impossible to cross to torrid equatorial zone and reach the antipodes. Frigid Temperate Torrid

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Eratosthenes (194 B.C.) (reconstruction) Formally assumed the earth was round: Calculated the circumference of the earth (40,572 km versus 40,091 km). Developed the concepts of parallel and meridian (geographical location). Created modern cartography (cartographic plane).

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Ptolemy's (150 AD) Ulm edition world map, 1482 Refined the coordinate system. Created map projections. Inventory of population and resources. Describing the world (8,000 entries). Relationships between the physical and human elements. His map would remain the most accurate until the age of discovery.

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Middle Ages: Retrenchment ■ Period of decline Cartographic and regional approach was lost in Europe: Representation of the world was “Christianized”. Orthodoxy replaced objective observation and analysis. “T and O” Maps (Orbis Terrae): T is the Mediterranean (+ Nile and Black Sea). O is the surrounding ocean. Greek and Roman knowledge kept by the Byzantine Empire and by the Arabs.

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue T-O map from the Etymologiae of Isidorus, 12th Century

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue St. Sever World Map after Beatus, 1030 AD

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue The Age of Discovery: Drawing the World Map ■ Exploration and innovation The 15 th and 16 th centuries were characterized by numerous maritime explorations. A commercial expansion of European nations. Several technical innovations: The compass; more precise maps. Larger ships (they passed from 200 to 600 tons during the sixteenth century), better shipbuilding and the rudder. Insured a safe, fast and therefore profitable maritime navigation. Creation of the first accurate world maps.

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue The Americas, 16 th Century

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue World Map, circa 1700

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Modern Era: A Finite World ■ A complete world map Early 20 th century. Complete and accurate view of the world. Coordinate systems. National inventories of resources. Widely available atlases. ■ Information technologies Use of remote sensing (aerial photographs and satellite images). Digital maps (storage and retrieval). Mass diffusion through online accessibility. Virtualization.

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Satellite Composite Image with Bathymetry

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue A Virtually Navigable World

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue C – THE PROCESSES OF GLOBALIZATION Globalization and its Transformations Global Convergence Global Divergence

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue The Flows behind Globalization TradeMigrationTelecommunication Nature Flows of physical goodsFlows of peopleFlows of information Types Raw materials, energy, food, parts and consumption goods Permanent, temporary (migrant workers), tourism Communication, power exchanges (purchase), symbolic exchanges (education) Medium Transport modes and terminals (freight) Transport modes and terminals (passengers) Transport modes and terminals (postal), telecommunication systems Gateways PortsAirportsGlobal cities Speed Low to averageSlow to fastInstantaneous Capacity Very largeLargeAlmost unlimited

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Days Required to Circumnavigate the Globe ( ) Average speed of wagon and sail ships: 16 km/hr Average speed of trains: 100 km/hr. Average speed of steamships: 25 km/hr 1950 Average speed of airplanes: km/hr 1970 Average speed of jet planes: km/hr 1990 Numeric transmission: instantaneous Industrial Revolution Modern Era Space / Time Convergence

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Globalization and its Transformations ScaleScopeInterconnections Nature Size of the transformation Extent of the transformation Complexity of the transformation Principle More exchangesExchanges taking place over a wider area More intensity and frequency of exchanges Trade Surge in global tradeThe “China Effect”Supply chains Migration Surge in migration and tourism From developing to developed countries Remittances Tele- communications Growth of online transactions Global telecommunication networks Ubiquity of access

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue World Merchandise Trade,

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Global Net Migration ( )

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Diffusion of Telecommunication Services,

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Visa Restrictions Index, 2011

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Global Convergence Industrial Financial Media Political Global Economy Social Economic Transportation and Telecommunication Networks Containerization and Information highway Multinational corporations Privatization Liberalization Free-trade agreements Consumption goods (brand names) Labor market Culture

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Global Convergence ■ Global Consumer Culture Many global goods originated from the western world: Many key technologies. The United States has been a powerful influence on various other cultures. Clothing, food, movies, music. Hybridization: When elements of two cultures are melded together. Often took place in the past (e.g. the “American melting pot”). Accelerated by globalization. Commonly a voluntary process when people are willingly adopting new practices. A form of cultural evolution. Can cause social tensions: Between traditional cultures (at least the more conservative elements) and new external influences.

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue A Paradoxical and Complex Cultural Landscape

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Global Divergence Corruption Poverty Crime Inequalities Global Economy Social Environmental Pollution, pandemics, resource depletion Refugees, illegal immigration Drugs, pornography, prostitution, gambling, SPAM Terrorism, conflicts

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Current World Illicit Trafficking

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue “419 Scams”, Lagos, Nigeria

© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Influenza-Like Illnesses per 100,000 Population, Selected Countries,