living organisms According to Presence of cell The non- cellular organism The cellular organisms According to Type the Eukaryotes the prokaryotes human plants animals virus

The cell of bacteria The animal cell nucleus cell wall cytoplasm mitochondrion

The genome is the total DNA in a cell of an organism

 Gene : The segment of the genetic material (1 character ). Each gene codes has certain protein and hence a specific function.  Location of genome: Eukaryotic: In nucleus and mitochondria. prokaryotic: In the cytoplasm.  Virus Genomes are composed of RNA, not DNA.

The exons: the coded parts of the gene. The introns: it is the non-coded parts between the exons in the gene.

 A chromosomal genome: inside the nucleus in form of chromosomes & it comes from our parents together.  A mitochondrial genome: outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm of the cell. It comes only from the mother.  The Plastome: It is the DNA found within the chloroplast.

 When you look at the human species, you see evidence of a process called genetic variation.  This means that the gene's sequence is slightly different in the two individuals, and the gene is called polymorphic.  So all people generally have the same genes& the genes do not have exactly the same DNA sequence.

 It provides views for a variety of genomes, complete chromosomes, sequence maps.  The database is organized in six major organism groups:  Archaea  Bacteria  Eukaryotae  Viruses  Viroids  Plasmids

 Researchers compare traits such as  Chromosome number (karyotype).  Genome size.  Gene order.  Codon usage bias.  GC-content.  The genome size: the amount of DNA in a haploid complement which is reported as the total number of base pairs.

Organism Genome Size (Mb) Gene Number S. cerevisiae (yeast) D. melanogaster (fruit fly) Homo sapiens (human)

 An analogy to the human genome stored on DNA is that of instructions stored in a library:  The library would contain 46 books (chromosomes).  The books range in size from 400 to 3340 pages (genes).  which is 48 to 250 million letters (A,C,G,T) per book.  Hence the library contains over six billion letters total.  The library fits into a cell nucleus the size of a pinpoint.  A copy of the library (all 46 books) is contained in almost every cell of our body.

1- Democratized Data  Help the now common practice of making scientific data freely available online.  Enable researchers to make discoveries much more quickly than in the past. 2-Microbial Genomes Resources:  Presents public data from prokaryotic genome sequencing projects ( finished genomes - draft assemblies ).

3- Identification of SNPs:  Single-nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP ): is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide in the genome differs between members of a species or paired chromosomes in an individual.  Variations in the DNA sequences of humans can affect how humans develop diseases and respond to pathogens, chemicals, drugs, vaccines, and other agents.

4- Added DNA to Human-Origins Tool Kit:  Studying human origins and the history of our species' migrations. 5- Supercharged Genetic Research:  Helped in creation of newer, faster, and cheaper methods of gene sequencing.  That's because the rough draft of the human genome serves as a reference against which the data from new sequencing methods can be compared.

 Transcriptomics : Analysis of mRNAs transcribed from active genes to follow when, where, and under what conditions genes are expressed and what's actually happening in the cell than gene-expression studies. This capability has applications to drug design.  Structural genomics: 3-D structure of protein - drug design.  Experimental methods for understanding the function of DNA sequences and the proteins they encode include knockout studies to inactivate genes in living organisms and monitor any changes that could reveal their functions.

   /genetics_genome.html /genetics_genome.html  man_Genome/project/info.shtml man_Genome/project/info.shtml  Bioinformatics Lectures …. Dr Mohamed Abouelhoda.