Secondary Growth In Stems

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Presentation transcript:

Secondary Growth In Stems Angiosperms VI Secondary Growth In Stems

What is secondary growth? Growth in “girth” of woody plants Tissues derived from cambial layers VASCULAR CAMBIUM produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem CORK CAMBIUM (phellogen) produces cork (phellem) and phelloderm tissues

Typical Woody Eudicot Stem (overview) Periderm or “bark” Vascular cambium Secondary xylem Pith

Woody Eudicot Stem

Typical Woody Eudicot Stem (detail) Secondary xylem Vascular cambium Rays Secondary phloem (including phloem fibers) Cortex

Secondary Xylem (angiosperms) Vessels Fibers and tracheids Wood rays Growth rings (annual rings)

Secondary Xylem (“up close and personal”) Fibers Tracheids Vessels Ray parenchyma

“Growth Rings” Spring (Early) Wood Summer (Late) Wood first cells produced by the vascular cambium large cells (good growing conditions) Summer (Late) Wood smaller cells produced toward the end of the growing season poor conditions (cooler, drier) Radical change in cell size allows for recognition of annual “growth rings”

Bristlecone Pine (oldest of tree species in North America) 4900 + years old

Oak Wood in Section Note: thick, multiseriate wood rays

Other Variations Heartwood Sapwood darker in color occupies center of the stem, more dense (stronger) deposit of waste products such as resins, gums, oils, and tannins Sapwood lighter in color outer layers, less dense (weaker) contains the sap (dissolved nutrients and water)

Woody Stem and Periderm sapwood heartwood

Woody Twigs Terminal bud with bud scales Axillary buds Lenticels Leaf scar

Twig Structures

Lenticels Pores in the cork layers which allow for gas exchange in the periderm

Uses of Secondary Growth Wood Products Various uses based on the density of the wood (often in lbs./cubic foot) Furniture, baseball bats, plywood, pulp products, musical instruments, particle board, artistic pieces, fuel Other Products rope, cinnamon, dyes, drugs (quinine), charcoal, cork, maple syrup

Cork Harvesting

30-50 gallons of sap to make 1 gallon of syrup Making Maple Syrup 30-50 gallons of sap to make 1 gallon of syrup