US History Goal 6

H-O-H: Why did America join the imperialist club at the end of the 19c?

Reasons for Imperialism Imperialism- stronger nations extend their economic, political or military control over weaker territories  Reasons Desire for military strength Alfred Mahan- US admiral in navy- build navy to compete with other nations Modern battleships- Maine and Oregon New markets for US goods US needed raw materials for its’ factories US needed markets for its’ agricultural and manufacturing products Belief in cultural superiority Social Darwinism- survival of the fittest; racial superiority of Anglo-Saxons Religious Purposes Spread Christianity

1. Commercial/Business Interests U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

2. Military/Strategic Interests Alfred T. Mahan  The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

3. Social Darwinist Thinking The White Man’s Burden The Hierarchy of Race

4. Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionaries in China, 1905

Alaska

Purchase of Alaska Secretary of State William Seward Buy Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million Become known as Seward’s Folly- thought buying Alaska was silly Alaska will be rich in natural resources Oil, gas, etc Will be a good deal Alaska become 49th state in 1959

“Seward’s Folly”: 1867 $7.2 million

“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

Hawaii: "Crossroads of the Pacific"

Annexation of Hawaii Hawaii US takes Midway Islands in 1867 Americans had been using Hawaii since 1790s American sugar plantations grow rapidly ( 3/4 of islands wealth) US imposes tariffs on its’ territories (McKinley Tariff of 1890) American sugar plantations cry for annexation 1887- US starts to use Pearl Harbor as a naval base 1897- President Cleveland and Congress proclaim Hawaii a territory 1959- Hawaii becomes 50th state

Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

To The Victor Belongs the Spoils Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Cuba

Interest In Cuba US supported Cuban rebellions in 1868 and 1878 1895- Cuba revolts under Jose Marti 1896- Spain sends Valeriano Weyler to end revolt Around 300,000 Cubans put in concentration camps William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer use yellow journalism to create exaggerated accounts of the conditions in the concentration camps Creates war fever in America Spain gives in a little- give Cuba limited self-government De Lome Letter- letter stolen by Cuban rebel that criticized President McKinley as weak. USS Maine sent to Cuba to bring home American citizens. The USS Maine blew up. Spain was blamed.

Spanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy

“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism William Randolph Hearst Joseph Pulitzer Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! William Randolph Hearst

De Lôme Letter Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador to the U.S. Criticized President McKinley as weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.

Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain! Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

War with Spain War declared on April 20, 1898 US invades Philippines and destroys the Spanish fleet (navy) Spain will surrender the Philippines in August Set up a blockade of Cuba Rough Riders- group of volunteer cavalry led by Theodore Roosevelt San Juan Hill- US troops defeated Spanish and forced them to flee US will invade Puerto Rico in July

Theodore Roosevelt Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration. Imperialist and American nationalist. Criticized President McKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair! Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

The “Rough Riders”

Treaty of Paris (1898) Peace terms Debate over Philippines Spain frees Cuba Spain gives Guam and Puerto Rico to the US Spain sells Philippines to US for $20 million Debate over Philippines Yes- McKinley said “educate the Filipinos and uplift and Christianize them.”- Social Darwinism No Booker T Washington- take care of problems in US Samuel Gompers- argued that Filipinos would compete for jobs US Senate will ratify the Treaty of Paris

The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule. Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam. The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines. The U. S. becomes an imperial power!

What will happen to new territories?  Puerto Rico Immediately after Spanish-American War, Puerto Rico was under military rule. Foraker Act- end military rule President of US appoints Governor of Puerto Rico and members of its’ upper house of legislatures Puerto Ricans elect lower house of legislatures 1917- US gives Puerto Ricans full citizenship rights and the right to elect both houses of government

Cuba After war, US military had a big presence in Cuba Gave food and clothing, helped farmers, and organized elementary schools 1900- Cuba writes its’ own constitution US add Platt Amendment to their constitution Cuba could not make treaty that would allow foreigners to control any part of Cuba The US had the right to intervene in Cuba The US could buy or lease land for naval bases Cuba becomes a US protectorate ( a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power)

Panama

US Interest in Panama US will want to build a canal in Panama Canal would make shipping to Asian markets faster Construction will start in 1903 and finish in 1914 US will control it until 1977 Today- owned and operated by the government of Panama

TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904) Panama Canal TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)

China

US Interest in China European countries already set up spheres of influence in China Sphere of Influence- areas where each country claimed rights and economic privileges US feared they would be shut out John Hay- US Secretary of State Wrote Open Door notes- letters to leaders of other nations proposing they share trading rights with the US Other powers accept policy

China Cont. Boxer Rebellion- group that resented foreign influence in China Boxers killed missionaries and foreigners International forces will put down rebellion John Hay- write a second series of Open Door notes Notes reflect US beliefs Growth of US depended on exports US had a right to intervene to keep foreign markets open Closing of areas to Americans threatened US survival

Stereotypes of the Chinese Immigrant Oriental [Chinese] Exclusion Act, 1887

The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 The Peaceful Harmonious Fists. “55 Days at Peking.”

The Open Door Policy Secretary John Hay. Give all nations equal access to trade in China. Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

The Open Door Policy

America as a Pacific Power

Reactions to Imperialism Filipino Revolt Led by Emilio Aguinaldo Filipinos forced to live in designated zones that were filled with starvation and poor sanitation Took more than 3 years to put down rebellion Aftermath- US set up a government like the one set up in Puerto Rico Philippines become independent on July 4, 1946

Reactions Cont. Mexican Rebellion Under President Wilson, US will intervene when Mexico is struggling with setting up a new government Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata will fight against US Zapata- “It is better to die on your feet than live on your knees.” Eventually US will back down and avoid war with Mexico because of larger war looming- World War I

The American Anti-Imperialist League Founded in 1899. Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders. Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism.

Teddy Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Took office in 1901- after McKinely was assassinated Had Panama Canal built- benefit US navy and shipping Roosevelt Corollary- addition to Monroe Doctrine where Roosevelt said European countries could not intervene in affairs in Western Hemisphere but the US could Big Stick Policy- “Speak softly and carry a big stick”

Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick!

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905 Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .

Taft and Wilson Taft Wilson Dollar diplomacy- US will invest money in foreign countries US government guaranteed loans made by American businesses to foreign countries Wilson Missionary or Moral Diplomacy US had moral responsibility to deny any Latin American government that the US viewed as oppressive or undemocratic, or hostile to US interests Lead to the US involvement in Mexico