Water covers 71% of Earth’s surface and is the dominant agent governing environmental processes. The rates of human usage of water outpace the natural.

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Presentation transcript:

Water covers 71% of Earth’s surface and is the dominant agent governing environmental processes. The rates of human usage of water outpace the natural rates of renewal.

Transpiration above the Amazon rainforest Plant stomata

Runoff Enters Channels that Join Other Channels to Form a Drainage System.

Drainage Systems Stream is a flowing body of water following a channel. A River is a major branch of a stream system. A Drainage System is a network of channels. The total area feeding water to a stream is the Watershed.

Flow A is cross-sectional area (m 2 ). V is flow velocity (m/s). Q is stream discharge (volume/time: m 3 /s). Q = AV Discharge Is the Amount of Water Passing a Given Point in a Measured Period of Time.

The amount of water in a river’s watershed increases downstream, with the addition of tributaries.

Characteristics of Channels Gradient Discharge Sediment load Base level

Running Water Erodes Sediment. Maximum Flow Velocity Suspended Load Bed Load Dissolved Load Ca, Cl, Na, Mg, K

Meandering Channel

Cut-off meander bends form Oxbow Lakes.

Braided Channel

Flooding Is a Natural Process in Healthy Streams

Floodplain Features

Fluvial Landscape Evolution

Stream Piracy Base Level Dams

Fluvial Sediment Builds Alluvial Fans and Deltas.

Delta Terminology