70. Cell Energy Notebook Check 71. DNA Structure 72. DNA Notes 73. RNA 74. From Genes to Proteins 75. Protein Synthesis Practice 76. Protein Synthesis Lab 77 (a & b). Mutations 78 (a & b & maybe c). DNA EOC Practice 79. DNA Notebook Check 80. Genetics Unit Cover – title & 5 colorful pictures

1.Nucleotides 2.Phosphate, Deoxyribose (sugar), nitrogen base 3.a.Purines, 2 ring b. Pyrimidines, 1 ring 4.Sugar, Phosphate 5.Helical, double-sided structure 6.Double, helix (twisted ladder) 7.a. Adenine – Thymine b. Cytosine – Guanine 8.Only certain bases can match up 9.Hydrogen bonds 10.AGC TCA GTT TCA GGG TCG AGT CAA AGT CCC

Why important??? DNA holds the recipe for making…proteins!!! Proteins = workforce of your body, make your body parts (traits)

DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid Found in nucleus of cell Made of nucleotides 3 parts of nucleotides = 1) deoxyribose 2) phosphate 3) nitrogen base 4 nitrogen bases (must be paired correctly) – Adenine & Thymine – Cytosine and Guanine

Nucleotides are joined together to make a single chain Two chains connect to make the ladder Sides of ladder = backbone of DNA = deoxyribose & phosphate Steps of ladder = complementary bases (held together by hydrogen bonds) Base pairing important (all tigers can growl) Watson and Crick – discovered that DNA is arranged in a double helix (twisted ladder) The Sound of DNA

DNA can copy itself = REPLICATIONREPLICATION – Enzymes help to unwind the 2 strands – Base pairs separate – Free nucleotides attach to single strands of DNA (base pairing!) – This makes new DNA molecule – DNA duplication is important for cell division (mitosis & meiosis)

1.What are the 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA? 2.Cytosine always pairs with what? 3.Adenine always pairs with what? 4.What does double helix mean? 5.What is the backbone of the DNA? 6.Where are the bases on your model? 7.What holds the bases one each strand together ?

We Love DNA We Love DNA ( to the tune of “Row, Row, Row Your Boat”) We love DNA Made of nucleotides. Sugar, phosphate and a base Bonded down one side. Adenine and thymine Make a lovely pair. Cytosine without guanine Would feel very bare.

3 types of RNA (and what they do) How is RNA different from DNA (3)? Transcription? Translation? DNA = GACAAGTCCACAATC – Write in mRNA? – Amino Acids that correspond?

Review: – Builders of body parts? – How do they know what traits to “build?” – Building blocks of proteins = – There are ______ naturally occurring amino acids – What builds proteins =

1) DNA Replication will occur. 2) Transcription an enzyme (RNA polymerase) translates the language of original DNA strand & turns it into the language of RNA by: copying the code from DNA - base pairing (all unicorns can growl/gallop) – TCA CCA – AGU GGU Codon 1Codon 2

3) mRNA leaves the nucleus and finds a ribosome in the cytoplasm Builds proteins by linking together amino acids

4) mRNA turns into tRNA

Ribosomes jump from codon to codon on the mRNA and translate it into tRNA anticodons. Certain codons start this process and stop it. – AGU GGU – UCA CCA

Each tRNA anticodon specifically represents and carries an amino acid to the ribosome. tRNA begins building a protein by linking amino acids Polypeptide chain = protein The making of a protein is called…

mRNA Codon Wheel Page 303 in textbook GGG = AAG = CAU = Protein =

Mutations #77a – use note sheet Nucleus Pairs Histones Chromatin Chromosomes Sister Chromatid Centromere 46 Pairs Varies widely Gender XX = girl and XY = boy Mutations = mistakes in DNA replication; changes in genetic material Gene mutations = changes single gene/few nucleotides in DNA define point mutations vs. frameshift mutations Chromosomal mutations = produce changes in whole chromosomes (# or structure) affect multiple genes see #77b assignment

14. A segment of a DNA strand has the following bases: TAC GAT. What is the complementary strand of DNA? a. UAG CAU b. TAG CAT c. ATG CTA d. AUG CUA 15. Which relationship is most similar to this relationship….tRNA : ribosome? a. book : publisherc. key : lock b. truck : factory d. baker : pie 16. Before a cell goes through either mitosis or meiosis, which process must be carried out by the DNA in the nucleus? a. replicationc. transcription b. nondisjunction d. translation Complete #s 1, 2, 5, 7 – 12 on page 317 in the textbook.