Genetics: Review 1. Alternative versions of genes (alleles) account for variation in inherited characters 2. For each character, an organism inherits two.

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Genetics: Review 1. Alternative versions of genes (alleles) account for variation in inherited characters 2. For each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent 3. If two alleles differ, one is dominant, the other recessive 4. The two alleles for each character segregate (separate) during gamete production.

Variations in Mendel’s Laws In incomplete dominance, F1 hybrids have an appearance in between the phenotypes of the two parents. F1 Generation RR rr Gametes P Generation F2 Generation Sperm Red White R r Rr Pink Eggs 1 2 Table 9.1 Some Autosomal Disorders in Humans

Variations in Mendel’s Laws Hypercholesterolemia Dangerously high levels of cholesterol in the blood. Is a human trait that is incompletely dominant. Heterozygotes have blood cholesterol levels about 2X normal. Homozygotes have blood cholesterol levels about 5X normal. HH Hh hh Homozygous for ability to make LDL receptors Heterozygous Homozygous for inability to make LDL receptors GENOTYPE LDL LDL receptor PHENOTYPE Cell Normal Mild disease Severe disease

Variations in Mendel’s Laws Multiple Alleles Blood Group (Phenotype) Genotypes Red Blood Cells Carbohydrate A IAIA or IAi A Carbohydrate B IBIB or IBi B AB IAIB O ii

Variations in Mendel’s Laws Pleiotropy is the impact of a single gene on more than one character. Pleiotropy Multiple traits (e.g., sickle-cell disease) Single gene

Variations in Mendel’s Laws

Variations in Mendel’s Laws *Epistasis Example: In Drosophila, gene:eyeless *Black (B) is dominant to brown (b) *Second gene responsible for allowing pigment to be deposited in hair C = presence, c = absence (colorless)

Variations in Mendel’s Laws Polygenic inheritance is the additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotype. Multiple genes Polygenic inheritance Single trait (e.g., skin color)

Variations in Mendel’s Laws F1 Generation P Generation F2 Generation Sperm AABBCC (very dark) Eggs aabbcc (very light) AaBbCc 1 8 64 6 15 20

Variations in Mendel’s Laws *Gene interactions

Sex Linkage *1909 Thomas Hunt Morgan II III XY IV or XX *Sex chromosomes *Autosomes Example: In Drosophila and all mammals sex chromosomes designated as X and Y XX=female XY=male 11

Sex Linkage Any gene located on a sex chromosome is called a sex-linked gene. Most sex-linked genes are found on the X chromosome.

Variations in Mendel’s Laws *Phenotype depends on environment and genes

How do we account for genetic variation? *Independent assortment *Crossing over *Random fertilization Cross over: Independent Assortment: