Measuring the Gas in Galaxies in the Distant Past Philip Lah Too late. Here comes the SKA.

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Presentation transcript:

Measuring the Gas in Galaxies in the Distant Past Philip Lah Too late. Here comes the SKA.

Who am I? I am astronomer with a joint appointment at the: National Centre for Radio Astrophysics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, India and the Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Mount Stromlo Observatory, Australian National University I use both radio and optical telescopes for my research

Atmospheric Transmission Atmospheric Opacity 0 % 50 % 100 % 1 nm 1 μm 1 mm 1 m 1 km Wavelength → ← Frequency radio optical infrared gamma rays, X-rays & ultraviolet

Hydrogen Gas in the Universe

Hydrogen 76% by mass of the baryons – normal matter (that is not the weird stuff – Dark Matter) Neutral Atomic Hydrogen Gas produces emission at a wavelength of 21 cm

Hydrogen Gas in the Universe Hydrogen 76% by mass of the baryons – normal matter (that is not the weird stuff – Dark Matter) Neutral Atomic Hydrogen Gas (HI) produces emission at a wavelength of 21 cm

21 cm Atmospheric Transmission Atmospheric Opacity 0 % 50 % 100 % 1 nm 1 μm 1 mm 1 m 1 km Wavelength → ← Frequency radio optical infrared gamma rays, X-rays & ultraviolet

HI 21-cm Emission From Galaxies

Galaxy M33: optical

Galaxy M33: HI 21-cm emission

Galaxy M33: optical and HI

Galaxy M33: optical

Why Study Neutral Atomic Hydrogen Gas?

HI Gas and Star Formation neutral atomic hydrogen gas cloud (HI) molecular gas cloud (H 2 ) star formation

Redshift, Observing the Past

The Expanding Universe

Hubble`s Law redshift velocity related to distance distance related to age (due to light travel time)

Hubble`s Law redshift velocity related to distance distance related to age (due to light travel time)

21 cm Atmospheric Transmission Atmospheric Opacity 0 % 50 % 100 % 1 nm 1 μm 1 mm 1 m 1 km Wavelength → ← Frequency radio optical infrared gamma rays, X-rays & ultraviolet redshifted

The History of Star Formation in the Universe

Star Formation Rate Density

~10 times current rate

The Amount of HI Gas in the Universe

HI Gas Density

~2 times current density

HI Gas Density

region where I have been working

Current Observations

Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope

Coadding HI signals

RA DEC Radio Data Cube Frequency HI redshift

Coadding HI signals RA DEC Radio Data Cube Frequency HI redshift positions of optical galaxies

Coadding HI signals frequency flux

Coadding HI signals frequency flux z2 z1 z3 z1, z2 & z3 optical redshifts of galaxies

Coadding HI signals velocity z1 z2 z3 flux z1, z2 & z3 optical redshifts of galaxies

Coadding HI signals velocity z1 z2 z3 flux velocity Coadded HI signal z1, z2 & z3 optical redshifts of galaxies

My Current Best Observation

HI blue outside x-ray gas blue galaxies surrounding the core of a large galaxy cluster galaxies observed as they were 4 billion years ago coadding signal from 94 galaxies

HI blue outside x-ray gas blue galaxies surrounding the core of a large galaxy cluster galaxies observed as they were 4 billion years ago coadding signal from 94 galaxies

Future Observations

The SKA and Me SKA`s collecting area 20  GMRT`s collecting area SKA better receivers SKA larger field of view SKA better RFI environment

The SKA and Me my current research looking at galaxies 3 to 4 billion years ago – SKA directly detect HI signal originally SKA proposed to detect HI gas from 8 billion years ago stacking with SKA ~12.7 billion years ago, the era of first galaxies SKA fully operational 2024

The SKA pathfinders

MeerKAT South African SKA pathfinder 13.5 m diameter dishes 64 dishes finished 2014 (2018)

ASKAP 12 m diameter dishes 30 dishes focal plane array finished 2013