THE MAKING OF THE MODERN WORLD THE WEALTH AND POVERTY OF NATIONS LECTURE 1 – THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: ORIGINS

The importance of the industrial revolution From Manpower to Machine Power/technology

The importance of the industrial revolution Sustained economic growth

Industrial revolution in History Rostow: Lessons from this industrial history for the economic growth of the rest of the world Deane and Cole, David Landes, Eric Hobsbawm: Saw the Industrial Revolution as a story of modernization Global History: Seeing the Industrial Revolution in a Global perspective

Was the Industrial Revolution a Revolution?

Definition Industrial Revolution. The term Industrial Revolution is normally reserved for a set of events that took place in Britain roughly from 1760 to The historical events in question consisted of a set of technological, economic, and social changes that in the long run revolutionized not just the British economy but that of the rest of western Europe, North America, and eventually much of the rest of the world. (Mokyr)

Revolution or not? Short jump or gradual process of acceleration? Major improvements concentrated or diffused process influencing many sectors? Foundations found in nationally distinctive economic, political, legal, social or cultural changes? Relative importance of internal compared to external factors in accounting for the British development?

British Industrial Revolution?

A different approach High wages Technology Commercial and Imperial expansion

High wages Black death ( )

High wages Black death ( ) High wages EMP: European marriage pattern

High Wages Industrious Revolution, Jan de Vries Changing behaviour patterns and organization of time within the family economy A turn away from work for self subsistence to work for the market Rising intensity of labour in order to buy consumer goods

High wages Result of the Industrial revolution: Rising standard of living Or, pessimism perpetuated?

Technology Radical enlightenment

No single or linear path of development in the emergence of modern industry, (hudson,29)

Technology Technological change in Europe

4. Proto-industrialization Description: During the 17th and 18th Centuries agricultural, industrial, mercantile and demographic change combined together to induce unprecedented growth in decentralised manufacturing production. Most of this production was located in rural villages.

Theorists of Proto-industrialization Franklin Mendels: Proto-industrialization was the first phase of industrialization

Theorists of Proto-industrialization Kriedte, Medick and Schlumbohm Proto-industrialization might take place in a workshop system (kaufsystem), or in a putting out system (verlagsystem)

Theorists of Proto-industrialization Kriedte, Medick and Schlumbohm Proto-industrialization might take place in a workshop system (kaufsystem), or in a putting out system (verlagsstem) The transition to the factory system might fail, leading to de-industrialization

4 hypotheses on the connections between Proto-industrialization and Industrialization 1. led to population growth and land fragmentation, broke down traditional regulation of demographic behaviour by peasants & inheritance systems 2. created profits which formed capital for factory industrialization 3. provided merchants with skills and experience for factory industrialization 4. caused commercialization of agriculture: this, in turn, enabled subsequent urbanization and factory industrialization

The Industrial Revolution: features Technological change Rapid Urbanization Capital accumulation Increase in agricultural productivity Growth of income

Commercial and Imperial Expansion Inward looking or Global perspective?

Commercial and Imperial Expansion Discovering the world

Commercial and Imperial Expansion Inward looking or Global perspective?

Commercial and Imperial Expansion: Discovering the World First movers: Gold and silver to Europe Second movers: No gold and silver, but trade

Commercial and Imperial Expansion: Migration Europe to other parts of the world Africa to America: Slavery, Cheap labour

Commercial and Imperial Expansion: Capital and goods Financing the industrial revolution from profits from global trade? Supplying raw material The Great Divergence?

Commercial and Imperial expansion: Consumption Colonial Trade Oriental luxuries and exotic American foodstuffs

Commercial and Imperial expansion: Consumption Colonial Trade Oriental luxuries and exotic American foodstuffs Stimulus to European consumer goods industries Colonial imports to new export markets

Was the Industrial Revolution a Revolution?