1 HCI History Key people, events, ideas and paradigm shifts This material has been developed by Georgia Tech HCI faculty, and continues to evolve. Contributors include Gregory Abowd, Jim Foley, Diane Gromala, Elizabeth Mynatt, Jeff Pierce, Colin Potts, Chris Shaw, John Stasko, and Bruce Walker. This specific presentation also borrows from James Landay and Jason Hong at UC Berkeley. Comments directed to are encouraged. Permission is granted to use with acknowledgement for non-profit purposes. Last revision: January

2 The Evolution of HCI Series of technological advances lead to and are sometimes facilitated by a Series of paradigm shifts that in turn are created by a Series of key people and events

3 Key People People  Vannevar Bush  J. R. (Lick) Licklider  Ivan Sutherland  Doug Engelbart  Alan Kay  Ted Nelson  Nicholas Negroponte  Mark Weiser  Jaron Lanier

ENIAC - World's first computer, 1943 From IBM Archives.

Mark I paper tape readers, 1944 From Harvard University Cruft Photo Laboratory. Program loops were actual loops

IBM SSEC (1948) From IBM Archives. Filled about ½ a football field

Stretch - IBM’s first transistorized supercomputer, 1961 From IBM Archives.

8 Context - Computing in 1960s Computers still primarily used by scientists and engineers Computers were primarily used with batch processing  No “interaction” between operator and computer after starting the run  Punch cards, tapes for input, paper printouts for output Vacuum Tube Jason Hong / James Landay, UC Berkeley

9 J. R. Licklider, 1960 Postulated “man-computer symbiosis” Couple human brains and computing machines tightly to revolutionize information handling

Pre-requisite to man-computer symbiosis Time sharing of computers among many users Electronic I/O Interactive real time system for information processing and programming

Intermediate and long-term goals Combination of speech recognition, hand-printed character recognition & light-pen editing  natural language understanding  speech recognition of arbitrary computer users heuristic programming

12 Ivan Sutherland, 1963 SketchPad PhD thesis at MIT  Hierarchy - pictures & subpictures  Master picture with instances (ie, OOP)  Constraints  Icons  Copying  Light pen input device  Recursive operations