P REDICTING ZERO - DAY SOFTWARE VULNERABILITIES THROUGH DATA MINING Su Zhang Department of Computing and Information Science Kansas State University 1

O UTLINE Motivation. Related work. Proposed approach. Possible techniques. Plan. 2

O UTLINE Motivation. Related work. Proposed approach. Possible techniques. Plan. 3

T HE TREND OF VULNERABILITY NUMBERS 4

ZERO - DAY VULNERABILITY What is zero-day vulnerability? It is a vulnerability which is found by underground hackers before being made public. Increasing threat from zero-day vulnerabilities. Many attacks are attributed to zero-day vulnerabilities. E.g. in 2010 Microsoft confirmed a vulnerability in Internet Explorer, which affected some versions that were released in

O UR GOAL Risk awareness. The possibility of zero-day vulnerability must be considered for comprehensive risk assessment for enterprise networks. 6

E NTERPRISE RISK ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK 7

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E NTERPRISE RISK ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK 11

P ROBLEM Predict the information of zero – day vulnerabilities from software configurations. 12

O UTLINE Motivation. Related work. Proposed approach. Possible techniques. Plan. 13

R ELATED WORK O. H. Alhazmi and Y. K. Malaiya, Andy Ozment, Kyle Ingols, et al, Miles A. McQueen, et al,

O UTLINE Motivation. Related work Proposed approach. Possible techniques. Plan. 15

P ROPOSED APPROACH Predict the likelihood of zero-day vulnerabilities for specific software applications. NVD Available since Rich data source including the preconditions and consequences of vulnerabilities. It could be used to build our model and validate our work. 16

S YSTEM ARCHITECTURE 17 IEWinXPFireFox… Target Machine Scanner (e.g. Nessus or OVAL) Our Prediction Model Output(MTTNV&CVSS Metrics) CPE (common platform enumeration)

P REDICTION MODEL Predictive data: CPE (common platform enumeration) Indicate software configuration on a host. Predicted data: MTTNV (Mean Time to Next Vulnerability) & CVSS Metrics MTTNV indicates the probability of zero-day vulnerabilities. CVSS metrics indicate the properties of the predicted vulnerabilities. 18

CPE ( COMMON PLATFORM ENUMERATION ) What is CPE? CPE is a structured naming scheme for information technology systems, software, and packages. Example (in primitive format) cpe:/a:acme:product:1.0:update2:pro:en-us Professional edition of the "Acme Product 1.0 Update 2 English". 19

CPE L ANGUAGE 20

CVSS (C OMMON V ULNERABILITY S CORING S YSTEM ) An open framework for communicating the characteristics and impacts of IT vulnerabilities. Metric Vector access complexity (H, M, L) authentication ( R, NR) confidentiality (N, P, C)... CVSS Score: Calculated based on above vector. It indicates the severity of a vulnerability. 21

CVSS USED IN RISK ASSESSMENT We use CVSS to derive a conditional probability. How likely a vulnerability could be successfully exploited, given all preconditions fulfilled. By combining the conditional probability with attack graph one can calculate the cumulative probability, we could obtain a overall estimated likelihood of the given machine being compromised. 22

O UTLINE Motivation. Related work. Proposed approach. Possible techniques. Plan. 23

P OSSIBLE TECHNIQUES Linear Regression ( input are continuous variables). Statistical classification (input are discrete variables). Maximum likelihood and least squares (Determining the parameters of our model). 24

V ALIDATION METHODOLOGY Earlier years of NVD: Building our model. Later years of NVD: Validate our model. Criteria: Closer to the factual value than without considering zero-day vulnerabilities. 25

O UTLINE Motivation. Related work. Proposed approach. Possible techniques. Plan. 26

PLAN Next phase: Study data-mining tools (e.g. Support Vector Machine). Then build up our prediction model. Validate the model on NVD. Final phase: If the previous phase provides a good model, we will incorporate the generated result into MulVAL. Otherwise, we are going to investigate the problem. 27

R EFERENCES [1]Andrew Buttner et al, ”Common Platform Enumeration (CPE) – Specification,” [2]NVD, [3]O. H. Alhazmi et al, “Modeling the Vulnerability Discovery Process,” [4]Omar H. Alhazmi et al, “Prediction Capabilities of Vulnerability Discovery Models,” [5]Andy Ozment, “Improving Vulnerability Discovery Models,” [6]R. Gopalakrishna and E. H. Spafford, “A trend analysis of vulnerabilities,” [7]Christopher M. Bishop, “Pattern Recognition andMachine Learning,” [8]Xinming Ou et al, “MulVAL: A logic-based network security analyzer,” [9] Kyle Ingols et al, “Modeling Modern Network Attacks and Countermeasures Using Attack Graphs” [10] Miles A. McQueen et al, “Empirical Estimates and Observations of 0Day Vulnerabilities,” [11] Alex J. Smola et al, “A Tutorial on Support Vector Regression,”

T HANK YOU ! Questions & Answers 29