Chinese Regulation of Foreign Business James V. Feinerman James M. Morita Professor of Asian Legal Studies Georgetown University Law Center

Introduction Foreign Trade Foreign Investment in China Chinese Investment Abroad Customs Commodity Inspection Taxation Civil & criminal law Technical standards of different countries International Practices & Treaties

China: Basic Facts 2009 GDP: $$4.758 trillion (estimate) 2009 PPP-adjusted GDP: $8.767 trillion (3 rd in the World) Per-capita PPP-adjusted GDP: $6,500 (2009 est.) (127 th in the World) Average GDP Growth past decade: 10% Projected 5-year GDP Growth Average: 10% (almost 3 x US!) Foreign Direct Investment: $576.1 billion (December 2009 est.)

Selected 2008 FDI Recipients (Source: UNCTAD) Worldwide $1.697 Trillion Africa$ 78 Billion Latin America$ 121 Billion Asia $ 297 Billion European Union$ 549 Billion NAFTA$ Billion India$ 27.3 Billion Hong Kong$ 63 Billion China$ 92.4 Billion

Look Before You Leap Market Access – Restrictions and Investment Vehicles Intellectual Property Protection Legal System/Dispute Resolution/Corruption Foreign Exchange/Taxation Guanxi 关系 = Connections Dealing with State-owned Enterprises Financial Transparency/Hidden Liabilities Employees and Employment Law Matters Land/Real Estate Corporate Governance and Corporate Culture Local v. National Isssues (local protectionism)

Brief History of Foreign Investment Tight government control and “special treatment” of foreign investors moving towards loosening of control in the light of WTO agreements 1970s first foreign investment laws Foreign Invested Enterprises (FIEs) a distinct legal category More government control, but some special privileges Late 90s and 00s: New M&A and FIE laws Provisional Measures on Domestic Investment by Foreign Invested Enterprises (2000) Rules on Merger and Division of FIEs (1999, amended 2001) Investment Regulations Investment Catalog (2002 – new updates)

Current Investment Framework (1) Important Sectors of China’s Economy Initially (Some Remain) Closed to Foreign Investment Pre-WTO Liberalization Increases Availability of Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises (WFOEs) vs. Joint Ventures (JVs) Government Approval at Local, Provincial or National Level Required of all Investments Level of Government Approval Depends on Amount, Location and Nature of Proposed Investment

Current Investment Framework (2) Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Provide Additional Flexibility/Advantages, e.g., Shanghai Pudong Waigaoqiao) Foreign Investment and Economic Development Concentrated on East Coast Tax Advantages for Certain Foreign Invested Enterprises, but Regulations are Complex RMB Still Not Fully Convertible (swap markets; now bank account convertible)

Market Access Foreign Investment catalogue – 4 Categories Encouraged Restricted Prohibited Unlisted = Permitted Business Scope Narrowly Defined WTO Concessions Improve trade & foreign investment environment Open new service sectors to foreign investment Modify intellectual property rights and technology transfer rules Reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers

New Foreign M&A Regulations Percentage restrictions Mandatory asset appraisals set floor on purchase price Protection of existing creditors/guaranty of payment Requirement for public notice Labor issues “Employment settlement plans” approved by authorities Certain acquisitions must be approved by labor organizations Purchase price Form of consideration flexible Payment within prescribed period after approvals

Growth Factors for M&A Investments Fast growing number of qualified “target companies” Foreign investors’ increasing interest in existing Chinese businesses instead of greenfield investments State-owned being privatized Chinese companies seeking international financing/tech expertise Global capital markets looking for “China concept” Potential increase in China asset values as RMB is revalued upward

Investment Vehicles Representative office Equity joint venture (“EJV”) Cooperative joint venture (“CJV”) Wholly foreign-owned enterprise (“WFOE”) Limited Liability Company Joint Stock Company Other forms (e.g., Holding Company, Branch Office, Limited Partnership, Processing/Contractual Arrangements)

Selecting the Chinese Partner While foreign companies are increasingly likely to establish wholly foreign-owned enterprises in the PRC, most still seek a Chinese co-venturer. Typical reasons include: Chinese policy discourages or prohibits wholly foreign- owned investment in the sector in question; The Chinese partner holds a dominant market position, which the proposed joint venture will inherit; The Chinese partner has a distribution network, assets, relationships or other advantages that will permit the joint venture access to markets, raw materials or quotas.

Due Diligence: Overview Investor’s first line of protection – thorough business and legal due diligence Experienced international businesspeople appear to ignore the basic tent when investing in China Professional due diligence in China presents peculiar challenges: Less reliable information than foreign investors are used to Obscure and volatile state of China’s legal system Chinese companies’ lack of familiarity (and patience!) with corporate formalities and record keeping Great breadth of authority afforded China’s bureaucracy

Due Diligence: Key Points Nature and Powers of the Partner Financial Records (all sets of books) Employees Contractual obligations Tax Ownership – and division – of Assets

Transition Issues for Transfers of Existing Facilities into Joint Ventures If existing plant of facilities will become part of the JV: Mechanics and details of this transfer Appendix listing all of the Chinese partner’s assets and liabilities that are to be transferred to the new entity Land use rights, buildings and other fixed assets “allocated” or “granted” state-owned land use rights Allocated land is transferred to the use for free (annual land use tax) User has no rights to transfer; state may recover the land at any time without paying compensation For granted land, the used pays the state a land grant premium for the right to use it for a stated period of years Granted land use rights are transferable (including by mortgage and lease) and may not be abrogated by the state (except for compensation in the exercise of its right of eminent domain) Inventory, receivables, intangibles and contractual rights

Valuation Issues – Cash and In-kind Relative value of parties’ contributions determines share of profits Value of non-cash contributions is usually a hotly negotiated issue (Chinese contributions usually in-kind; foreign usually cash or combination) Value of non-cash contributions must be set forth in the capital contribution section of the JV contract Non-cash contributions by foreign parties must also be valued by the State Import and Export Commodities Inspection Administration Actual contribution of both cash and non-cash inputs must be verified by a licensed PRC accounting firm State-owned assets (such as assets owned by state enterprises) must be valued by a valuation firm licensed by the State Assets Management Bureau Localities have standards to value land use rights; foreign investors should investigate whether Chinese side’s valuation falls within the official range Investors should bear in mind that the official guidelines assume granted land use rights rather than allocated land use rights

Other Issues Registered Capital Minimum of 1/3 total capital; cannot be reduced Conditions to the Effectiveness of JVs Transfer of property Contribution of assets Necessary approvals Feasibility Studies – Prior Approval Mandatory Objectives, sources of investment, sources of foreign exchange and raw materials, site, technology requirements Economic benefit analysis, financial projections Labor requirements Marketing plans, distribution, export percentages, forex balancing Non-competition clauses Geographic Product line(s) Marketing plans, distribution Chinese Law Opinion Letters

Off-shore Holding Structures Most foreign investors prefer to conduct their Chinese investments through a series of offshore, single purpose, limited liability companies: Permits investors to limit China project liability to one offshore entity Facilitates future transfers of the investment Where there are multiple foreign investors in a JV, foreign parties may work out the details of their cooperation in a shareholders’ agreement Chinese JV law does not provide for more complex corporate capital structures, such as preferred stock, redemption rights, or the like

Exit Strategies Most investors in China are strategic investors – manufacturing firms wishing to establish long-term production facilities to service China and Asian regional markets They typically are not greatly concerned about the mechanics or financial consequences of disposing of their investments Growing group of financial/portfolio investors in China Investment funds Merchant banks Other financial institutions These investors are keenly interested in strategies for tax-efficient exit from their investments within a set time horizon

Intellectual Property IP Rights Violations Remain a Serious Threat IP violations are widespread in China Infringing/counterfeiting (20%+ of all consumer products) Piracy (90%+ of movies, software, games, books) Imitation of product designs IP theft by employees/partners In the US, Canada, Japan and EU, China is the No. 1 source of seizures of infringing goods Chinese government entities may acquiesce in infringing/counterfeiting activities Local governments (sole source of revenue and salaries for local courts and judges) protect local taxpayers and employers National government determined to advanced China’s technological progress by whatever means

Intellectual Property – Conclusions China’s IP Laws “closing in” on international standards IP enforcement in China – still a “work in progress” Foreign companies should file and protect IP in China Patents Trademarks and copyrights Non-compete and confidentiality agreements Foreign IP owners can successfully enforce IP rights in China Don’t be reluctant to sue in China Don’t wait too long – two-year statute of limitations Choose counsel carefully