Carbon Compounds: the essential notes Biology 9 – October 2010

The next Month (or so) at a Glance: Biochemistry, The Power of Enzymes, and Digestion We will be answering these questions:   What’s in this Hamburger? How do we get the stuff that’s in it, out? What happens to this stuff as we get it out? Why do we need this stuff? By the end of this unit, you should be able to… Explain why we need carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins Explain how we extract these nutrients from food Explain how an enzyme’s structure fits its function Explain how structures in the digestive system fit their function Explain why enzymes are essential to digestion Exhibit basic lab safety skills in the McMush & Enzyme Labs Objectives for Class: Given an example of a food, identify the sources of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Identify examples of foods that contain carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Fruit (simple carb + fiber) Rice (complex – starch) Pasta (starch) CARBOHYDRATES (simple = sugars) (complex = starch or fiber) FATS/LIPIDS PR OTEINS Fruit (simple carb + fiber) Rice (complex – starch) Pasta (starch) Bread (starch) Flour (starch) Crackers Cereal Cookies Vegetables (fiber + starch) Butter Oil Animal Skin/Fat (lard) Chicken Fish Eggs Beef Beans Seeds Nuts Soy Dairy ( milk, cheese, yogurt)

Identifying the Carbon Compounds in this Hamburger Lettuce and Tomato = Carbohydrate (Fiber) Ketchup = Mostly Carbohydrate (simple sugar from Corn Syrup) Cheese = Mostly Proteins and Lipids Hamburger Meat = Lipids and Proteins Bun = Carbohydrate (Complex Carb from Starch) Objectives for Class: Given an example of a food, identify the sources of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Identify examples of foods that contain carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Carbon Compounds: The Molecules of Living Things Answer in your notebook w/ a title: Why do you think these are called CARBON compounds? Write some reasons in your notebook.

Let’s get a sense of scale: How Do Molecules & Atoms Relate to Cells? Zoom In

What elements do you see in the atoms that make up this molecule? A Single Organelle (chloroplast) in the Cell Zoom in… PLANT CELLS Zoom in a lot more… A Single Molecule inside the Organelle (chlorophyll) Atoms come together to make up molecules What elements do you see in the atoms that make up this molecule?

Six Common Elements in Living Things: Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) Oxygen (O) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S) CHNOPS Objectives for Class: Identify the 6 key elements found in living things Explain how monomers and polymers relate to each other Identify examples of foods that contain carbohydrates Identify two key functions of carbohydrates in food

Carbon: The “Swiss Army Knife” Element of Life More versatile than any other element! Can bond with itself and many other elements Forms millions of large molecules Monomer – a single, building-block molecule based on carbon Polymer (a.k.a. Macromolecule) – “Many monomers” a long chain of monomers bonded together to form one huge molecule Objectives for Class: Identify the 6 key elements found in living things Explain how monomers and polymers relate to each other Identify examples of foods that contain carbohydrates Identify two key functions of carbohydrates in food

4 Types of Carbon-Based Compounds: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids All contain C, H, O and sometimes N, P, S. Each type is made of monomers that connect to form polymers. IMPORTANT NOTE: Each type is separate – not made of each other! Lipids are not made of carbs! Objectives for Class: Identify the 6 key elements found in living things Explain how monomers and polymers relate to each other Identify examples of foods that contain carbohydrates Identify two key functions of carbohydrates in food

Carbohydrates contain C-H2O Simple sugars Monosaccharide = one sugar Ex: glucose, fructose Disaccharide = double sugar Ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose Used as an immediate energy source (for cell respiration to make ATP) Foods: sugar, fruit, candy, juice, soda Objectives for Class: Identify the 6 key elements found in living things Explain how monomers and polymers relate to each other Identify examples of foods that contain carbohydrates Identify two key functions of carbohydrates in food

Carbohydrates (cont) Complex sugars Polysaccharide = many sugars Objectives for Class: Identify the 6 key elements found in living things Explain how monomers and polymers relate to each other Identify examples of foods that contain carbohydrates Identify two key functions of carbohydrates in food Complex sugars Polysaccharide = many sugars Starch – used for long-term energy storage Foods: grains, root vegetables (bread, pasta, cereal, rice, corn, potatoes) Fiber – can’t give energy but helps our digestive systems Found in plant cell walls Foods: fruits, vegetables, whole grains (lettuce, celery, whole wheat)

Mad carbons = Mad Energy Lipids contain mostly C and H Examples: Fats, oils, cholesterol, waxes Characteristics: Made of fatty acids and glycerol Do not dissolve in water (repel water) Uses in the Body: Long-term ENERGY storage Cell membranes Waterproofing Foods: Oils (from nuts, seeds, fish, cheese, meat), butter, lard. Mad carbons = Mad Energy (aka – mad calories) Objectives for Class: Identify examples of foods that contain lipids Identify two key functions of lipids Describe the monomers and polymers of lipids

Proteins contain C, H, O, N and some S Have thousands of different uses! Proteins can be… Enzymes (control chemical reactions) Hormones (ex: insulin) Transporters in cell membranes in blood cells (hemoglobin) Body structures (hair, muscle, skin, bone) Immune system (fight diseases) Objectives for Class: Identify examples of foods that contain proteins Identify two key functions of proteins Describe the monomers and polymers of proteins

How can there be so many Different Proteins? Proteins are made of: Amino acids (monomers) There are 20 different amino acids (different R’s) Thousands of A.A.’s connect in any possible order to form long chains  this makes thousands of different possible proteins Objectives for Class: Identify examples of foods that contain proteins Identify two key functions of proteins Describe the monomers and polymers of proteins

What Foods Contain Proteins? Most animal products such as Meat & fish Eggs Milk, yogurt, cheese Beans and nuts (especially when eaten in combination with complex carbs) Objectives for Class: Identify examples of foods that contain proteins Identify two key functions of proteins Describe the monomers and polymers of proteins