Lecture 1: What is the Nation What were the contours and conditions of German unification?

End of the July Monarchy Paris Barricades of February 1848 H. Vernet, Barricade in the Rue Soufflot, Paris1848

Republican Uprising in Baden,

On the barricades,

March Demands A people’s army with freely elected officers Freedom of the press Trial by jury Creation of a German parliament

Rough Breakdown of Political Associations Workers’ Associations Democrats Constitutionalists Catholics Conservatives

Bundestag Decrees Press Freedom Revision of the Federal Constitution Recognition of the colors red, black, and gold as federal colors Creation of the Committee of Seventeen to oversee the creation of a constitution

From the Meuse to the Memel / From the Adige to the Belt

Counterrevolution 1850: Olmütz Agreement resurrects a conservative German Confederation and the balancing act between Austria & Prussia

Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann “Injustice has lost all sense of shame.”

The Road to Unification

Otto von Bismarck, “Man cannot create or control the tide of time, he can only move in the same direction and try to direct it.”

Germany The leading alternatives: Greater Germany / Lesser Germany Grossdeutschland / Kleindeutschland

Crown v. Parliament 1858: Wilhelm I becomes regent of Prussia to succeed Friedrich Wilhelm Budget Crisis of 1860s 1862: Prussian isolation in the Confederation and the Zollverein

Shifting the Balance of Power 1863: War of Danish Succession and the take-over of Schleswig-Holstein July 1866: Seven-Week War against Austria over tensions concerning the adminstration of S-H & power plays in the Confederation; Koniggrätz victory for Prussia in July

Making Good 1866 Bill of Indemnity Split among Liberals (Progressive Party & National Liberal Party) Creation of North German Confederation: Prussia and 21 principalities

Bismarck’s Concessions King of Prussia held executive authority as president Chancellor was named by King and responsible only to him Two legislative houses: Federal Council, or Bundesrat, appointed by the state governments; and a lower house, the Imperial Diet, or Reichstag, elected by equal manhood suffrage. Prussia controlled 17 votes out of 43 in the Bundesrat

Revolution from Above? January 18, 1871: The German Empire is founded. Lesser-Germany under Prussian domination (approx. 3/5 of the land area and 3/5 of the population).

Shifting the Balance of Power Declaration of the German Empire

The German Empire

The Constitution of the German Empire, 1871 Reich Government The Chancellor (Reichskanzler) The ‘highest official in the Reich’ Also Minister-President of Prussia Responsible to the Emperor, not parliament Chairman of the Bundesrat Appointed government ministers Could ignore resolutions passed by the Reichstag The Emperor (Kaiser) Always the King of Prussia Could appoint/dismiss the Chancellor Could dissolve the Reichstag Could make treaties/declare war Commander-in-Chief of the army Had to approve all federal laws Possessed the right to interpret the constitution Bundesrat (upper house) The Federal Council Made up of 58 members nominated by states Not directly elected Consent required in passing new laws 14 votes needed to veto legislation Prussia had 17 of the 58 seats Bavaria had 6, the other states had 1 each Reichstag (lower house) The National parliament Elected by all males over 25 Limited powers to initiate new legislation Government ministers could not be members Members were not paid Could approve or reject the federal budget Elections normally held every 5 years Federal Centralised government with specific Responsibilities for the Reich as a whole (foreign policy, defence, customs etc.) State Regional government with responsibilities For individual states (education, direct Taxation, health, local justice etc.)

Questions Did Germany need a strong statesman, namely Chancellor Bismarck, to unite? Was this an indication of an underdeveloped civil society? And, did the liberals acquiesce their political agenda in the face of successful unification? What kind of state is this? What tensions are relieved? What new tensions emerge?