Context-Dependent Memory in Two Natural Environments: On Land and Underwater Godden & Baddeley (1975), Experiment 1 Week x, Presentation x Zach Hambrick Month, Day, 2011 Start with a clear, concise statement defining the construct or concept that the study concerned. Remember that “less is more” on slides! TIP: Use of images (pictures, graphics) is optional; if you do use them, make sure they are directly relevant to the content of your presentation, and that you refer to them in your presentation to make some point. Use of images that have no relevance is distracting. TIP: Choose a plain background, with no graphics, or one that is minimally distracting. There are many backgrounds you can choose from in PowerPoint, but some of these are not acceptable for a professional, scientific presentation. Avoid background themes with bubbles, spirals, and other excessive graphics. If you wish, you may use this background theme for your presentation. Simply Save As, and modify the slides.

Context-Dependent Memory The idea that what is learned in a given environment is best recalled in that environment. Start with a clear, concise statement defining the construct or concept that the study concerned. Remember that “less is more” on slides! TIP: Use of images (pictures, graphics) is optional; if you do use them, make sure they are directly relevant to the content of your presentation, and that you refer to them in your presentation to make some point. Use of images that have no relevance is distracting. TIP: Choose a plain background, with no graphics, or one that is minimally distracting. There are many backgrounds you can choose from in PowerPoint, but some of these are not acceptable for a professional, scientific presentation. Avoid background themes with bubbles, spirals, and other excessive graphics. If you wish, you may use this background theme for your presentation. Simply Save As, and modify the slides.

Hypothesis Performance when learning and recall take place in the same environment should be better than when learning and recall take place in a different environment. Predicted Results… Recall Environment A B Recall Performance Provide a clear and concise statement of the major hypothesis that motivated the research. TIP: create a graph that illustrates the major prediction of the hypothesis (as above). Creating this sort of graph will help you understand the hypothesis, and explaining it in your presentation will help your audience understand it. A B Learning Environment

Hypothesis Performance when learning and recall take place in the same environment should be better than when learning and recall take place in a different environment. Predicted Results… Recall Environment * A * B Recall Performance Provide a clear and concise statement of the major hypothesis that motivated the research. TIP: create a graph that illustrates the major prediction of the hypothesis (as above). Creating this sort of graph will help you understand the hypothesis, and explaining it in your presentation will help your audience understand it. TIP: Use animations (e.g., the asterisks that appear on this slide) to call the readers attention to important aspects of a slide. A B Learning Environment

Hypothesis Performance when learning and recall take place in the same environment should be better than when learning and recall take place in a different environment. Predicted Results… Recall Environment A B Recall Performance * * Provide a clear and concise statement of the major hypothesis that motivated the research. TIP: create a graph that illustrates the major prediction of the hypothesis (as above). Creating this sort of graph will help you understand the hypothesis, and explaining it in your presentation will help your audience understand it. TIP: Use animations (e.g., the asterisks that appear on this slide) to call the readers attention to important aspects of a slide. A B Learning Environment

Background Previous Studies Inconsistent findings Low ecological validity TIP: use a caption to communicate the idea behind the figure or image; then reiterate this point in your presentation. Ecological validity – the degree to which results are applicable to the real-world, and are not limited to artificial conditions of lab.

Major Goal Investigate context-dependent memory in two natural environments…

Major Goal Investigate context-dependent memory in two natural environments… Here is an example of an image that is perhaps a bit over the top for some people’s taste. Some people prefer a “spare” presentation style, with text only, or with minimal use of images, graphics, etc. And some people are in between. Choose a style that fits your personality, but remember that everything on a slide should be there for a reason! TIP: Having subject perform a memory task is rather dramatic! This is emphasized with the transition animation for this slide. But, use transition animations sparingly. They tend to get irritating if overused! On Land and Under Water

Open-water site near Oban, Scotland (the study location) Experiment 1 Subjects N = 18 Diving club members Think about the most essential characteristics of subjects to report. It’s always a good idea to report the sample size, but other details may be irrelevant. For example, in this study, there were 13 males and 5 females. But the gender breakdown isn’t really relevant. It would be relevant, however, if the research question pertained to gender. Open-water site near Oban, Scotland (the study location)

Experiment 1 Design Independent Variables - Learning (Dry vs. Wet) - Recall (Dry vs. Wet) Dependent Variable - Number words recalled Learning Environment Dry Wet Dry Recall Environment Wet Explicitly identify the independent varaible(s) and the dependent variable. If an experiment, state whether the independent variable was manipulated within-subjects or between-subjects. TIP: a figure like the one above is not required, but will help you understand the experimental design, and to communicate it clearly to your audience. Completely within-subjects design— 2 (Learning: Dry vs. Wet) x 2 (Recall: Dry vs. Wet)

Experiment 1 Apparatus Communication sets Word lists (36 words each) Lists audio-recorded Umbrella Alligator Diamond Banana Sofa Heaven 2 sec 4 sec Think about the most essential parts of the procedure to report. Figures are helpful in illustrating methods.

One condition per session, at least 24 hr between sessions Experiment 1 Procedure (1) Breathing pattern instructions (2) Word List (1st Presentation) (3) 10-sec pause for unconstrained breathing (4) Breathing pattern instructions (5) Word List (2nd Presentation) A “trial-line” or “task-line” is a good way to illustrate the procedure. The arrow above represents time. (6) 15 digits to copy, 2 digits/sec (7) “Ascend to the shore station.” (8) 4-min delay (9) Free recall (2-min) One condition per session, at least 24 hr between sessions

Experiment 1 Review of Hypothesis Predicted Results… Review of Hypothesis Performance when learning and recall take place in the same environment should be better than when learning and recall take place in a different environment. Recall Environment A B Recall Performance A B Provide a clear and concise statement of the major hypothesis that motivated the research. TIP: create a graph that illustrates the major prediction of the hypothesis (as above). Creating this sort of graph will help you understand the hypothesis, and explaining it in your presentation will help your audience understand it. Learning Environment

Experiment 1 Actual Results… 16 16 Results No main effects, but a significant interaction between recall environment and learning environment. 14 Recall Environment Dry Wet 14 12 12 10 10 No. Words Correct 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 Dry Wet TIP: create a figure of your own from the reported results to illustrate a point you are trying to make. Learning Environment

Experiment 1 Actual Results… 16 16 Results No main effects, but a significant interaction between recall environment and learning environment. 14 Recall Environment Dry Wet 14 12 12 10 10 No. Words Correct 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 Dry Wet TIP: create a figure of your own from the reported results to illustrate a point you are trying to make. Learning Environment

Experiment 1 Actual Results… 16 16 Results Performance when learning and recall took place in the same environment was better than when learning and recall took place in a different environment. 14 Recall Environment Dry Wet 14 12 12 10 10 No. Words Correct 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 Dry Wet TIP: create a figure of your own from the reported results to illustrate a point you are trying to make. Learning Environment

Experiment 1 Conclusion Results are “clearly in line with the context-dependent memory hypothesis” (p. 328)

Experiment 1 Conclusion Despite limited control over experimental conditions, e.g., different testing times, one subject nearly getting run over by an “amphibious DUKW”!

Experiment 1 Conclusion Despite limited control over experimental conditions, e.g., different testing times, one subject nearly getting run over by an “amphibious DUKW”! A little humor isn’t a bad thing in a presentation. Just don’t overdo it!