World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 6 India and Southeast Asia, 1500 B.C.E. - 1100 C.E.

Objectives Explain the historical forces that led to the development of the complex social groupings in ancient India. Identify why Indian civilization developed religious traditions with such distinctive conceptions and explain how these beliefs shaped nearly every aspect of South Asian culture. Explain how the Mauryan and Gupta Empires succeeded in unifying much of India. Explain how a number of Southeast Asian states became wealthy and powerful by exploiting their position on the trade routes between China and India.

Foundations of Indian Civilization Diversity political and class divisions language and ethnic groups multiple gods Geography mtns, basins, plateaus monsoon (seasonal wind) three harvests annually trade winds

The Vedic Age, 1500-500 B.C.E. Vedas Indo-European speakers sacred religious literature Indo-European speakers Aryans light-skinned Dasas dark-skinned Dravidians varna - “color” social order between groups connected to reincarnation you are where you are supposed to be atman jati birth groups; occupation

The Vedic Age karma sacrifice Brahmins Rig Veda Women good and bad deeds sacrifice invigorate gods; promote stability Brahmins technology of sacrifice Rig Veda poetic hymns to deities and sacred practices Women learning opportunities own property

Jainism and Buddhism Moksha - “liberation” Upanishads Jainism release from cycle of reincarnation Upanishads teacher / student dialogues question Vedic foundations Jainism Mahavira nonviolence, asceticism, nudity

Jainism and Buddhism Buddha Mahayana Buddhism Theravada Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama Four Noble Truths life is suffering caused by desire celibacy, nonviolence, poverty nirvana ultimate spiritual reward Mahayana Buddhism “Great Vehicle” Theravada Buddhism original teachings

The Rise of Hinduism Hinduism Primary Deities Divine Favor religious diffusion Vedic and Buddhist practices female deities; fertility Primary Deities Vishnu, Shiva, Krishna family devotion to one god single divine force in universe Divine Favor sacred truths, discipline, devotion Ganges pilgrimage - broad Hindu identity Absorption of Buddhism

Imperial Expansion and Collapse Political Fragmentation geography; economic activity social hierarchy; culture Mauryan Empire - 324-184 BCE 1st centralized empire Magadha kingdom Chandragupta Maurya Alexander’s death Kautilya Arthashastra Pataliputra walled, moated capital Asoka Kalinga conversion

Commerce and Culture Mauryan Collapse Literature small principalities strong economic activity rise of guilds Literature Mahabarata war between cousins Ramayana love story w/ prince - princess Bhagavad-Gita duty to society and one’s soul teacher / student dialogue Krishna / Arjuna Tamil kingdoms ‘classical’ period in literature

The Gupta Empire Gupta Empire - 320-550 CE Chandra Gupta (Hindu) revenue source: 25% ag tax powerful national army theater-state advertisement of benefits of association with the empire Intellectual support zero; ‘Arabic’ numerals women decline in status (urbanization) loss of property rights early marriage sati - funeral pyre

The Gupta Empire Trade Attack from Rome to SE Asia cotton, ivory, metalwork Attack Huns from steppes 550 CE fragmentation until Islamic invasions (11th-12th cen) Deccan Plateau independent

Southeast Asia Cultural Crossroads Geography Agriculture trade between China and India Geography geographically active Pacific Ring of Fire volcanic soil tropical climate monsoon rains rain forests Agriculture swidden tropical growth rice, bananas, cane, yams chickens and pigs

Southeast Asia Malay Peoples State Building - early C.E. Chinese migration 3000 BCE navigational skills 1000 BCE monsoon winds, bird life wind and clouds patterns riverbanks / volcanic plains numerous natural resources State Building - early C.E. commerce silk and spices Hindu/Buddhist culture Indian merchants and sailors

Southeast Asia Funan Srivjayan Kingdom - 6th to 11th 1st to 6th centuries C.E. 1st major SE Asia center Isthmus of Kra key trade route China / India shift in trade routes silk worm monopoly Srivjayan Kingdom - 6th to 11th southern tip of Malay Peninsula regional alliances vital shipping passageways theater-state Borobodur Buddhist monument king as bodhisattva Indian cultural influence

Borobodur Buddhist Temple, Java

Borobodur Buddhist Temple, Java

Doc 7 Seneca is an upper-class Roman whose attitude reflects the Roman belief that although innovation comes from those with a sharp mind, this does not signify inventors being great people. Doc 8 Frontious reveals the belief that Romans are a superior people because Their innovations (aqueducts) have revolutionized city life and made Rome far more advanced than previous civilizations.

Based on the documents, What do you believe are Roman attitudes towards Technology? What do you believe are Han attitudes towards Technology?

Given the attitudes for each empire, what could be a relevant Argument that would be supported by your docs? Groupings 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 benefits of access to technology 1,2, 8 governments responsibility 5, 7 both comment on Roman disgust with those utilize technology 4, 6, 8 revel in the achievments of technology

Sample thesis: Although the Han and Roman civilizations experienced growth and success through technology, their respective attitudes Toward technology varied. (possible thesis) Whereas the Han Empire Seemed more concerned with how technology could aid their citizens the Romans seemed to frown upon those who utilized technology while reveling in the technological achievements of their civilization. Both civilizations show these attitudes towards technology through technological accessibility to citizens, the extent to which the government should use technology to improve subjects lives and whom in each society should receive praise for these advancements.