不完整的句子 散漫的句子 缺少連接詞 主謂不一致 時態的誤用 不正確的動詞補語 被動語態的誤用 科技論文寫作中常犯的錯誤 不完整的句子 散漫的句子 缺少連接詞 主謂不一致 時態的誤用 不正確的動詞補語 被動語態的誤用

不完整的句子 句子必須表達一個完整的觀念。它含有比較完整意義的一組詞，一般至少包括主詞和述語這兩個主要成分。句子按其使用目的，可分為四種：直述句，疑問句，祈使句和感嘆句。 按其結構又可分為三個：簡單句，並列複合句和主從複合句。 所謂不完整的句子包括：單獨孤立的一個子句，兩個並列動詞述語分割使用，介系詞片語、動名詞片語、分詞片語、動詞不定詞片語及同位語的孤立使用。不完整的句子該和其他合併在一起，構成一個至少包含一個主句的完整句子。

不完整：Although the problem is complicated 不完整：Although the problem is complicated. We can solve the problem in only two hours with an electronic computer. 修正句：Although the problem is complicated, we can solve the problem in only two hours with an electronic computer. 不完整：The amount of fluorine incorporated into the film on the substrate surface can be controlled. By reducing the amount of water added to the immersing solution. 修正句：The amount of fluorine incorporated into the film on the substrate surface can be controlled by reducing the amount of water added to the immersing solution.

不完整：Researchers have doubled the previous efficiency of producing hydrogen from water. And have made major advances in carbon nanotube storage technology. 完整句：Researchers have doubled the previous efficiency of producing hydrogen from water and have made major advances in carbon nanotube storage technology.

不完整：To encourage the use of renewable energy electricity in the United States. Policy measures will be needed. 修正句：To encourage the use of renewable energy electricity in the United States, policy measures will be needed.

但要注意，祈使句是完整的句子，只是將讀者已理解的主詞省略。 Consider the situation in figure 4.2. Note that the maximum heat exchanger effectiveness is limited to 0.5.

散漫的句子 句子的結構能用來反映句子的內容。一個簡明、重要的觀點通常應該使用簡短有力的句子來表達，而一個詳細的說明則需要較長、較複雜的句子來陳述。簡短的句子可適用於提出新的題目、敘述重要論點，或表述段落或章節的結論；較長的句子則適用於。科技論文的作者要詳細說明並支援段落的主要論點學會採用多種不同結構和長度的句子，以強調需表達的重要思想，並使句子的意義更加清晰。

There are many problems of management to be solved There are many problems of management to be solved. Some people try to solve them by considering changes in the structure of organizations and the locations of authority and responsibility. Others hope to do it by improve the quality of decisions by new technological ideas and the use of modern methods of data processing. Yet another group expects to solve the same problems by concentrating on human relations. The vital point to be considered is that the structural, technological and human aspects cannot be separated as they all interact. For example, if a firm changes from a functional to a product grouping, problems of interpersonal relations occur. This may in turn affect the techniques of control. Knowledge of the above facts should enable a manager to understand that it may not be easy to find a simple answer to a problem, but by acknowledging this fact and using available knowledge wisely, answers can be much more accurate and effective.

缺少連接詞 若英文句子中只有逗號來連接兩個立分句，而缺少連接詞，則不論在文法和句意上，都會有明顯的錯誤。缺乏連接詞的句子面上要表達一個完整的觀念，但實際上卻是十分模糊，使人不了解意思。

缺乏連接詞： Assume that the wick thickness is small compared to the vapor space dimensions, then Dhl1 and Al1/Al2 are well represented by the Eqs. (E.8) and (E.9). 修正方法(1)變成句號 Assume that the wick thickness is small compared to the vapor space dimensions. Then Dhl1 and Al1/Al2 are well represented by the Eqs. (E.8) and (E.9). 修正方法(2)變成分號 Assume that the wick thickness is small compared to the vapor space dimensions; then Dhl1 and Al1/Al2 are well represented by the Eqs. (E.8) and (E.9).

修正方法(3)加上適當的連接詞 Assume that the wick thickness is small compared to the vapor space dimensions, and then Dhl1 and Al1/Al2 are well represented by the Eqs. (E.8) and (E.9). 修正方法(4)把其中一個獨立分句改成子句或片語 If we assume that the wick thickness is small compared to the vapor space dimensions, Dhl1 and Al1/Al2 are well represented by the Eqs. (E.8) and (E.9). (上列的then是連接副詞而非連接詞)

誤：Consider the circuit shown in Figure (3), then we can draw its Norton-equivalent circuit as shown in Figure (4). 正：Consider the circuit shown in Figure (3). Then we can draw its Norton-equivalent circuit as shown in Figure (4). 正：Consider the circuit shown in Figure (3); then we can draw its Norton-equivalent circuit as shown in Figure (4).  

主謂不一致 在英文文法中，所謂「一致」是指句子成分之間或詞語之間在人稱、數、性等方面的一致關係，而主謂一致是其中一種重要的關係。在處理主謂一致中，要遵循以下三條原則： 語法一致：即在語法形式上取得一致。例如主詞為單數形式，述語動詞也採用單數形式；主詞為複數，述語動詞也須呼應。 意義一致：即從意義著眼處理一致關係。例如，主詞形式雖為單數但意義為複數，述語動詞也採取複數形式；反之亦然。 就近原則：即述語動詞的單、複數形式取決於最靠近它的詞語。

誤：The devices include pump sprays, Freon Aerosols, pressurized rubber balloons, and hydrocarbon propellants. The last was initially considered most promising, but they are flammable and incompatible with food products. 正：The devices include pump sprays, Freon Aerosols, pressurized rubber balloons, and hydrocarbon propellants. The last were initially considered most promising, but they are flammable and incompatible with food products.

Every paper, proposal, and report is stored in my computer. Neither of the two generators is imported. No substance is a perfect insulator. Each of these lifestyles is associated with different goods and services.

誤： The actual research as well as the company’s industrial activities are supported by many skills and disciplines. 正： The actual research as well as the company’s industrial activities is supported by many skills and disciplines. 誤： The administration building, with its dingy windows and deep gray paint, house the administrative office, including the infamous “fishbowl” 正：The administration building, with its dingy windows and deep gray paint, houses the administrative offices, including the infamous “fishbowl”

Over three-quarters of the swampland has been reclaimed. Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan. Half of the units have been in service for ten months. Half of the trouble is the fault of the drafting department.

Last year, about forty hours was spent on that report. About eight pounds of carbon is added to the mix. A number of samples were collected from a different geographical region to see whether the phenomenon occurred there as well. The number of students in our university is great. (a number of後面加複數動詞，其意義是指：有部份的…，the number of後面加單數動詞，其意義是：…的數據)

時態的誤用 現在簡單式：表達不受時間影響的普遍科學事實，以及論文作者的看法及建議。 過去簡單式：用於記錄過去發生的行動和事件或存在的狀態，如實驗的步驟和電腦的模擬。 未來式：表示將要發生的行為或狀態，以及文章接下來的內容，或者對未來的猜測。 現在完成式：用來敘述到目前為止已完成或剛完成的動作，而且其結果或影響保留到現在，其著重點是現在的情況而不管這去動作所發生的時間。 現在進行式：表示目前正在進行而尚未完成的行為，以及仍在持續但可能會終止的趨勢。

不要用現在完成式來敘述過去的事件，過去的事件要用過去簡單式。 誤：The graduate school of Business has been founded in 1925 at the urging of Herbert Hoover, a Stanford alumnus who was then serving as secretary of commerce in the Coolidge administration. 誤：At the ASHRAE Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, Mr. Patterson has delivered the inaugural address.

不要把現在完成式與過去完成式混淆在一起。過去完成式用於表示一個定的過去的事件，或過去某一時刻之前就已經完成的行為。 The reactor had worked twenty hours by ten o’clock yesterday evening. They began their experiment after they had read the instruction.

靜態動詞不能使用進行式，只有動態動詞才能使用表示動作目前正在進行的現在進行式。 常見的靜態動詞：appear, afford, be , believe, concern, consist of, constitute, contain, correspond, exist, feel, forget, know, suppose, involve, mean, mind, need, own, posses, remember, represent, result in, satisfy, seem, smell, understand, yield。但仍需注意在動名詞或是該字有其他意義時，仍有可能會有加上字尾-ing的情況。   誤：Breadth is also important, because students are needing to appreciate the interplay among the functional areas of business. 正：Breadth is also important, because students need to appreciate the interplay among the functional areas of business. 誤：Considerable uncertainty is existing about climate change responses to greenhouse gas emissions. 正：Considerable uncertainty exists about climate change responses to greenhouse gas emissions.

不正確的動詞補語 動詞補語是指用來補充說明動詞意思的詞或片語，通常以形容詞、直接受詞或間接受詞的形式出現。科技論文中，大多數是用動詞不定詞或that開頭的子句作為補語，如下面的例句： The purpose of this paper is to propose a new simulation method that dramatically reduces the time needed to conduct the simulation. The numerical results show that the pattern of distribution and magnitude of the radiative heat flux agree with the experimental data.

但是在科技寫作時要注意一些動詞不能帶不定詞結構做受詞(to V)，而只能帶-ing結構做受詞。這些常用的動詞有：admit, acknowledge, anticipate, appreciate, avoid cannot help, cannot resist, cannot stand, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, detest, ensure, escape, evade, facilitate, finish, imagine, include, keep (on), mind, miss postpone, practice, put off, resent, resist, risk, stop, suggest。 We appreciate your inviting us to visit your laboratory. I hope that by posting the final six pages now at midday I shall ensure your receiving them before the week-end proper.

請注意，有一些動詞後既能帶-ing結構做受詞，又能帶不定詞結構作受詞，而意義無甚區別或相差不大，如：begin, continue, neglect, prefer, propose, start, require, attempt, intend, plan, permit, allow, recommend advise, encourage。

另一些動詞之後用-ing結構或不定詞結構作受詞，意義上卻有很大差別，這些動詞如：try, mean, remember, forget, stop, leave off, go on。以try為例： If you want to improve the simulation, try using GA. Smith tried to answer each question by himself.

此外，在有些動詞let, make, see, have, watch, observe, feel等之後不定詞作為受詞補語時，要省掉符號to，如： Let N represent the number of customers in the system. A force is needed to make a body move. Suppose half of the customers exit the system at the same time.

被動語態的誤用 在英文中，當強調行為的承受者或給予行為的承受者較大的關注時，使用被動語態；當行為的執行者是物而不是人時，狺使用被動語態；當行為的執者已被大家熟知而沒有必要寫出來或不知道行為的執行者時，也會使用被動語態。被動語態的句子常出現在科技論文中，尤其是當作者描述某種方法、過程或因果關係時。

1. 若使用被動語態來指出自己的行為，一定要清楚表明自己是這個行為的執行者 。 2. 在確定動詞不定詞主詞的基礎上使用正確的語態。 3. 確定行為的執行者，以免混用主動語態與被動語態。 4. 不及物動詞不可以使用被動語態。 5. 避免過度使用被動語態。

表明自己是行為的執行者 It is believed that the annealing treatment improved the electrical characteristics of the film.(不清楚) We believe that the annealing treatment improved the electrical characteristics of the film. The annealing treatment appears to have improved the electrical characteristics of the film.

陳述的事情必須與事實相符 In industry metals are often used in the form of alloys. Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but it may be transformed from one form into another.

使用正確的語態 The prototype design is expected to be completed by September. Some molecules are large enough to be seen in the electronic microscope. We found the report hard to understand. This kind absorber is difficult for us to install.

別混用主動和被重語態 When the A value goes beyond 0.02m2, the measured temperature does not decrease any more. After the polymer was placed in a tank, the temperature was increased gradually.

不及物動詞不可以用被動語態 The calculation was proceeded by the student.(誤) The calculation was performed by the student.(正) The calculation was carried out by the student.(正)