Research 7.3 (D) Relate the impact of research on scientific thought and society, including the history of science and contributions of scientists as related to the content

What is research? It is defined as the diligent and systematic inquiry or investigation into a subject in order to discover or revise theories, applications, etc. Ask students to define “research” in their own words

Why is it important? Enables us to discover new information about our world/environment Helps us better understand the mysteries of our bodies Finding a cure for diseases Making people more knowledgeable about their bodies and what they need to do to keep themselves and others healthy Have students list existing products that were developed through research, as well as current research topics E.g. Cure for cancer, smallpox vaccine, cosmetic products, faster cars

Diseases and Vaccines Smallpox has infected humans as early as 10,000 B.C. Vaccine was discovered in 1796 by Edward Jenner Rabies can be contracted through the bites of infected animals Louis Pasteur helped develop the first rabies vaccination in 1885 Polio is a viral infectious disease that affects the nervous system Jonas Salk developed the first polio vaccine in 1952

The Greeks Considered by some to be the first “scientists” Developed deductive reasoning, which helped shape the scientific method Ask students to list the steps of the scientific method

Famous Greeks Pythagoras (570-495 BC) – Pythagorean Theorem Archimedes (287-212 BC) – Archimedes’ Principle Hippocrates (460-370 BC) – Hippocratic Oath

Scientific Revolution Copernicus (1473- 1543) – developed a heliocentric model (the Sun and not the Earth was the center of the solar system) Galileo (1564-1642) – improved the design of telescopes and made many astronomical observations Geocentric model – theory that planets revolved around the Earth Galileo was a supporter of Copernicus’ theory

More Famous Scientists Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) – contributed to the scientific method Newton (1642-1727) developed the universal law of gravitation as well as the 3 Laws of Motion For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Newton’s Law of Motion: 1. An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force. An object in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force. 2. F=ma (Force = mass X acceleration) 3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Modern Science Charles Darwin greatly advanced the theory of evolution by natural selection with his findings on his voyage of the Beagle Watson and Crick’s findings provided us with the basic structure of DNA in 1953

More Modern Scientists Louis Pasteur discovered the link between microorganisms and disease and used this knowledge to invent the process of pasteurization in 1862 Albert Einstein developed many theories in physics, giving him the nickname of “The Father of Modern Physics” More Medical Milestones: http://www.tsbr.org/content/medical-milestones

Research Today Today, research is done in almost every field, including science, history, political, and business. Biomedical, behavioral, drug and cosmetics testing have all included the use of animals. Animal welfare organizations have been formed to ensure humane treatment of animals during research. The American Association for Laboratory Animal Science is the premier forum for the exchange of information and expertise in the care and use of laboratory animals. They are dedicated to the humane care and treatment of laboratory animals and the quality research that leads to scientific gains that benefit people and animals. To find out more about lab animal welfare visit: http://www.aalas.org/ The American Association for Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS), a 501(c)3 nonprofit membership association, is the premier forum for the exchange of information and expertise in the care and use of laboratory animals. Since 1950, we've been dedicated to the humane care and treatment of laboratory animals and the quality research that leads to scientific gains that benefit people and animals. Below is a sampling of the programs, products, and services we provide our members and the laboratory animal science community.

Veterinarians’ Role in Research Animal research is linked closely to animal welfare American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) advocates the responsible use of animals for companionship, food, fiber, recreation, work, education, and research AVMA principles state that animals should be cared for in ways that minimize fear, pain, stress, and suffering Veterinarians are the guardians of animal welfare

Benefits of Research Throughout history, the process of research has evolved with many philosophers contributing to the scientific method, influencing how research is done Research has not only shaped the way scientists think but also given them a foundation of knowledge to investigate further

Who Benefits? Research has benefited everyone; it has led to longer life spans, more efficient products for consumers, and a better understanding of how the human body functions With research, companies have created medicine for everyday illnesses and disorders enabling many people to lead more comfortable lives Numerous vaccines have been developed through research, saving the lives of millions