Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy PHCL 222 Nouf Aloudah, M.S Clinical Pharmacy Lecturer King Saud University 1http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy Specialization Occupations s vs. professions Pharmaceutical care as re professionalization Affirmation of the trend: the Milis Report Hepler raises the stakes with pharmaceutical care Making a decision about the entry level degree 2http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy History reflected that societies have devised systems to provide solutions to peoples problems Similar job description (find food, prepare it, protect themselves, reproduce !) Specialization tasks become more (farmers, curing … 3http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy In middle ages, people moved around, cities began to grow People no longer knew all of their neighborhoods Jobs becomes more specialized Variety of alliances and organizations began to develop 4http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy 1800 restrictions adopted by governmental bodies Industrial revolution accelerated the change Rapid pace of scientific discoveries 5http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Occupations Vs. Professions وظيفة أو مهنة؟ work activity that was a job? Lifelong devotion to an occupation, and the specialized knowledge and unique requirements of a profession? 6http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Occupations Vs. Professions Characteristics of profession: 1.The service offered are closely linked to major human values 2.The service requires a degree of knowledge, skill, and understanding 3.The services are individualized in nature, cant readily standardized or mass produced 7http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Occupations Vs. Professions Hepler concluded, pharmacy in 19 th century was a profession – Concerned with health – Special training – Highly individualized 8http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Occupations Vs. Professions What about 20 th century? Amendments of the Federal Food, Drug And Cosmetic Acts – Millions of dollars in premarket testing – Advances in technology allowed mass production of ready to dispense dosage forms – Prescriptions become so standardized 9http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Occupations Vs. Professions What about 20 th century? the only individualization was the patient’s name, and prescription number! “The complexity of most pharmaceutical services was reduced in the public mind, and often in reality, to the infamous sequence of counting, pouring, licking, and sticking” 10http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Occupations Vs. Professions What about 20 th century? Lost any valid status as a profession! 11http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy Valuable opportunity was provided by industrialization of pharmaceutical industry Explosion of knowledge of chemicals (drug discovery, pathophysiology of many diseases Table 3.1 Pharmacy & world Events, present 12http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy 1900 time of biology ( 1953 DNA as genetic material) Powerful new drugs were identified or created Astute pharmacists Brodie, Francke, Parker, begin to conceptualize a new role for pharmacists that would involved the specialized provision of information 13http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy Hepler identified basis for the clinical pharmacy movement 1.Drug information 2.Drug distribution (decentralized) 3.Teaching and research programs in pharmacology and biopharmaceutics 14http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy Ninth Floor Project, 1966 To develop a hospital floor based pharmaceutical services that would provide maximal patient safety in the utilization of drugs 15http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy Ninth Floor Project, 1966 To charge the pharmacist with the responsibility for all phases of drug distribution, except the administration of medication to the patient 16http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy Ninth Floor Project, 1966 To provide an unbiased and easily available source of reliable drug information To provide clinical experience for interns and residents To design and conduct studies in cooperation with the physician and nurse 17http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy Publication of drug intelligence and clinical pharmacy 1967 Two pharmacy therapeutics textbooks came out of San Francisco federal government required the pharmacist to conduct monthly drug regimen reviews 18http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Reprofessionalization of Pharmacy Profession? – Involved in the healthcare of patients – Required specialized knowledge – Individualized 19http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

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Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend 1975 American association of colleges of pharmacy 12 member group headed by Dr John Millis 161 page report “ Pharmacists For The Future: The Report Of The Study Commission On Pharmacy” 21http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend Millis Report 14 recommendations 22http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

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Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend Changes – Acceleration of development of clinical sites for pharmacy schools faculty – Development of national examination for licensure of pharmacists – Increased movement toward making pharmacy a knowledge based clinical profession 37http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend Changes – Creation of a small no of clinical scientists programs in schools of pharmacy – Creation of a board of pharmaceutical specialties within AphA to recognize specialty practice 38http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

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Pharmaceutical Care Affirmation Of The Trend Didn’t give a blueprint for the future! 40http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Hepler raises the stakes Movement continued in 1980 Two new journals were published – pharmacotherapy 1981 – Clinical pharmacy 1982 Third textbook pharmacotherapy 1989 BCPS 41http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Hepler raises the stakes 1985 “Hilton head conference”, Helper Pharmacist had to do more than just try to control the use of drugs Take responsibility for the care provided to pt through the clinical use of drugs 1987 term pharmaceutical care,self actualizing roles for pharmacist 42http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

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Pharmaceutical Care 1990 congress passed a low that pharmacists must offer counsel to ambulatory Medicaid patient about these medication 47http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Making A Decision About The Entry Level Degree 48http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care 40 years! 1990 settled on Pharm D 1989 ACPE, BS pharmacy degree would be eliminated by all major pharmacy practitioner organizations had endorsed a “new Pharm D.” as the entry level degree 2002 house of delegates of the American Associations of colleges of pharmacy supported the Pharm D as pharmacy’s entry level degree 49http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care ACPE 1997 Pharm D programs as entry level of the 21 century Fall 2001 – 83 pharmacy schools were offering the pharm D degree – – http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Pharmaceutical Care Pharmacy: the future belongs to you Drug therapy experts! ?! 51http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/naloudah

Thank you Reference Chapter 3 pharmaceutical care: the reprofessionalization of pharmacy Pharmacy an introduction to the profession