Standard 6 The student will analyze the nature of territorial and population growth and the impact of this growth in the early decades of the new nation.

A

The Northwest Ordinance It established the precedent by which the U.S. would expand westward across North America by the admission of new states, rather than by the expansion of existing states. The new states that were added were Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. "Religion, morality, and knowledge" are "necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.“ This means that the government was held responsible for the education of its citizens. This essentially creates a public schooling system in the territory and promotes the creation of colleges and universities.

The Northwest Ordinance and Slavery The ordinance prohibited slavery in the region The banning of slavery in the territory had the effect of establishing the Ohio River as the boundary between free and slave territory in the region between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. This becomes important later in American history when the country continues to expand westward and the expansion of slavery becomes a bigger issue.

A map of the Northwest Territory

B

Louisiana Purchase The U.S. paid $15 million for the purchase. The purchase doubled the size and the debt of the U.S. Jefferson bought the land to prevent the French from establishing themselves on the continent. Many people opposed the purchase because they felt that it made the federal government too powerful. St. Louis and New Orleans were included in the purchase.

Lewis and Clark Meriwether Lewis and William Clark led what was the first American overland expedition to the Pacific coast and back. Sacagawea served as a guide and interpreter. Originally intended to determine exactly what was obtained in the Louisiana Purchase, the expedition laid much of the groundwork for the Westward Expansion of the United States. The new knowledge they obtained about the Northwest's geography, natural resources, and native inhabitants sparked American interest in the west, and strengthened the nation's claim to the area.

C

Reasons for the War of 1812 A series of trade restrictions introduced by Britain to impede American trade with France. The impressment (forced recruitment) of U.S. citizens into the Royal Navy. The British military support for American Indians who were offering armed resistance to the expansion of the American frontier to the Northwest. An unstated but powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honor in the face of what they considered to be British insults.

The Treaty of Ghent The war was ended by the Treaty of Ghent on December 24, 1814. The terms stated that fighting between the United States and Britain would cease, all conquered territory was to be returned to the prewar claimant, the Americans were to gain fishing rights in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and that both the United States and Britain agreed to recognize the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States. Basically nobody gained anything from this war. The treaty ignored the grievances that led to war. American complaints of Indian raids, impressment and blockades were not mentioned in the treaty. The treaty proved to be merely an expedient to end the fighting.

The Battle of New Orleans Unaware of the peace, Andrew Jackson's forces moved to New Orleans, Louisiana in late 1814 to defend against a large-scale British invasion. Jackson defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans. It was hailed as a great victory for the U.S., making Jackson a national hero and eventually propelling him to the presidency.

The Effects of the War of 1812 The U.S. ended the aboriginal threat on its western and southern borders. The nation also gained a psychological sense of complete independence as people celebrated their "second war of independence.“ Nationalism soared after the victory at the Battle of New Orleans. The opposition Federalist Party collapsed, and the Era of Good Feelings ensued. The United States no longer questioned the need for a strong Navy.

D

Erie Canal The Erie Canal is a man-made waterway in New York that runs about 363 miles from Albany on the Hudson River to Buffalo at Lake Erie, completing a navigable water route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes.

The Impact of the Erie Canal It also increased trade throughout the nation by opening eastern and overseas markets to Midwestern farm products and by enabling migration to the Great Lakes region and the West. The Erie Canal made an immense contribution to the wealth and importance of New York City. Many of the immigrants to New York at this time worked on the canal. Because the canal made migration to the West possible, New York City became a major entry point for many immigrants.

E

The Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine was a United States policy which said that further efforts by European governments to colonize land or interfere with countries in the Americas would be viewed by the US as acts of aggression requiring US intervention.

The Monroe Doctrine Importance of: Reasons for: It created a sphere of influence in the Western Hemisphere for the US. It was also an attempt by the US to assert its influence upon a part of the world. It was also a demonstration of the new American spirit of nationalism Its primary objective was to free the newly independent colonies of Latin America from European intervention and control. The doctrine advocated that the New World and the Old World were to remain distinctly separate spheres of influence. President Monroe claimed the United States of America, although only a fledgling nation at the time, would not interfere in European wars or internal dealings, and in turn, expected Europe to stay out of the affairs of the New World.

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