Brain Injury Promoting Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis Nicole L. Soiseth Gustavus Adolphus College Astrocyte Neuron Progenitor Cell Starring: Ogliodendrocyte.

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Presentation transcript:

Brain Injury Promoting Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis Nicole L. Soiseth Gustavus Adolphus College Astrocyte Neuron Progenitor Cell Starring: Ogliodendrocyte

Blood Vessel Normal Brain Tissue

Injured Brain Tissue Cytokines induce local inflammatory response Cytokines Released Upon Injury Injury

Injured Brain Tissue Boundary Astrocytes Become Reactive with Cytokine Activation Injured Tissue

Injured Brain Tissue Reactive Astrocytes Proliferate Injured Tissue

Injured Brain Tissue Proliferated Astrocytes form a barrier around the injured site called a Glial Scar. Injured Tissue

Injured Brain Tissue The Glial Scar blocks the further release of cytokines from the injured tissue Injured Tissue

Injured Brain Tissue Reactive Astrocytes attract Progenitor cells to the Glial Scar Lets take a closer Look at the events occuring at the Glial Scar… Injured Tissue

Astrocytes emit Neurite Inhibitors to keep the progenitor cells undifferentiated until the correct conditions are met Blood Vessel Injured Tissue

Astrocytes increase the amount of nourishment to injured tissues to create an enriched environment known as the ‘Neurogenic Niche.’ Blood Vessel Injured Tissue

FGF-2 EGF FGF-2 At injury, Astrocytes emit Neurotrophic Factors to promote fate determination of neighboring cells EGF FGF-2 EGF

Injured Tissue Different Combinations of Neurotrophic Factors promote the expression of Cell Surface Markers GFAP+ MAP2ab+ GalC+

Injured Tissue Reactive Astrocytes can de-differentiate their fate by expressing Cell Surface Markers as well. GFAP+ MAP2ab+ GalC+ MAP2ab+

Injured Tissue GFAP+ MAP2ab+ GalC+ MAP2ab+ The cells continue to develop and mature into Astrocytes, Neurons, and Ogliodendrocytes using the nutrient rich ‘neurogenic niche’.

Injured Tissue GFAP+ MAP2ab+ GalC+ MAP2ab+ If new neurons are stimulated by existing neurons, they become wired into existing circuits GABA Glutamate GABA

Injured Tissue GFAP+ MAP2ab+ GalC+ If new neurons are NOT stimulated, then they undergo programmed cell death (Apoptosis)

Injured Tissue GFAP+ MAP2ab+ GalC+ The Injured site slowly regains function with stimulation in neighboring neuron circuits and cortical re-mapping.

GFAP+ MAP2ab+ GalC+ Reactive Astrocytes return to their Quiescent state until they are activated once again.

Blood Vessel The brain tissue may never function the same after an injury, but it attempts to return to a Normal state.

The End!