Social Science Library Oxford University Library Services Graduate search clinics References and Reference management Mark Janes, Social Sciences Subject Consultant Shona McLean, Reader Services Librarian

Overview Why we reference Referencing styles in social sciences Introduction to reference managers Hands-on with Refworks and Endnote Alternatives & conclusion

Why do we reference?

Citations References to published or other sources within the body of a paper/book/thesis etc. Indicate an intellectual link between the work and the cited source Citation as credit: used to measure impact, research performance etc. Bibliometrics: Systematic measurement of citation data. Research Assessment = money!

Plagiarism Definition: The action or practice of taking someone else's work, idea, etc., and passing it off as one's own; literary theft.

Plagiarism Breached university policy by failing to quote direct passages of other works appropriately; instead of using quotation marks.. he simply used a footnote at the end of the text referring to the work it came from. "Such a practice gives the impression that it is Chatzimarkakis who is speaking, while in reality texts of other authors are being reproduced."

How to ‘avoid’ plagiarism Verbatim quotation without clear acknowledgement Quotations must always be identified as such by the use of either quotation marks or indentation, with adequate citation. Paraphrasing Is misleading. It is better to write a brief summary of the author’s overall argument in your own words than to paraphrase particular sections of his or her writing. Cutting and pasting from the Internet Information derived from the Internet must be adequately referenced and included in the bibliography. Collusion This can involve unauthorised collaboration between students, failure to attribute assistance received, or failure to follow precisely regulations on group work projects.

How to ‘avoid’ plagiarism Inaccurate citation It is important to cite correctly, according to the conventions of your discipline. Additionally, you should not include anything in a footnote or bibliography that you have not actually consulted. If you cannot gain access to a primary source you must make it clear in your citation that your knowledge of the work has been derived from a secondary text Professional agencies You should neither make use of professional agencies in the production of your work nor submit material which has been written for you. Auto-plagiarism You must not submit work for assessment which you have already submitted (partially or in full) to fulfil the requirements of another degree course or examination

Plagiarism

Find out more… Plagiarism: university regulations and information University Education Committee (including online tutorial). University Proctors and Assessors Essential Information for Students.

Referencing styles in the social sciences Author-date (Harvard, APA, etc.) Variations (MLA author-page) Numerical Running notes Numeric (Vancouver, Chicago, etc.) Discipline-specific (e.g. OSCOLA for Law) Journal-specific Check with your Dept or tutor if there is a preferred style you should use Be accurate and consistent – keep good records

Harvard author-date referencing style Examples of in-text citation A search of the open web will not form the basis of a well- researched thesis (Winder, 2008). Winder argues that a thoroughly-researched thesis can not be primarily based on information gathered from searching the open web (2008). Google Scholar draws information from widely disparate sources using its proprietary algorithm, and the process of automatically extracting information from text or citation can result in incomplete or missing bibliographic information (Winder, 2008, p.10).

Harvard author-date referencing style Direct quotations Enclose direct quotes in quotation marks. Give the author, date and page number (s) in brackets. “Information literacy is knowing when and why you need information, where to find it, and how to evaluate, use and communicate it in an ethical manner” (Armstrong et al, 2005, p.24). Indent the text if quoting more than 2 lines. Use square brackets if inserting your own words in to the quotation. Indicate any omitted words with three dots … (called ellipsis) If the quotation includes an error, include it too and add [sic].

Harvard author-date referencing style In–text citations: authors For 1, 2 or 3 authors, cite their names. (Clarke, Janes and Pritchard, 2009). For 4 or more authors, use et al (‘and others’) after the first name. (Clarke et al, 2009). NB: all names would be noted in the reference list. If the source is anonymous use the title instead. If there is no date use n.d. for no date, or write no date (Clarke, n.d.). (Clarke, no date).

Harvard author-date referencing style In–text citations: authors Author may be a company or organisation Further research was conducted by the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) who found that 89% of students typically began their information search using a search engine (2006, p.1).

Harvard author-date referencing style In–text citations: authors If citing more than one work by the same author published in the same year, use lower case letters after the date (Clarke, 2009a). If citing several works at the same point in the text, list in order of publication date separated by semicolons Studies in to online searching behaviour (Andrew, 2001; Smith, 2006b; White, 2009) reveal that…

Using ibid and op cit to avoid duplicating references ibid ‘in the same place’ can be used when the next reference is the same as the last one. op cit ‘in the work cited’ can be used when the same reference has been cited before, but not most recently. ibid and op cit are also used to avoid duplicating references in the bibliographies of numerical referencing systems.

Secondary references versus authoritative sources Secondary referencing is citing a source which you have not read yourself, but which is cited in something you have read. In the text, cite the original source, followed by ‘quoted in’ or ‘cited in’, and then the source you read. Your bibliography (Harvard, APA) should reference the secondary work (i.e. the one you actually read). Numerical systems lend themselves to referencing full details of both sources. You should endeavour to read and reference authoritative sources (don’t rely on secondary references for key issues – check the original source as well).

A list of references v. a bibliography Strictly speaking A list of references includes only those items that you have explicitly referred to in your work. A bibliography lists any item read in preparation for your work. However, these 2 terms are often used inter- changeably. Be clear which one is required (often it is just those works explicitly cited). See handout for sample bibliography

Reference Managers

Some things to consider when choosing your reference software Bibliographic tools in Word are functional but basic and lack flexibility Getting to know a reference management system well takes a little time and effort There are different products available and development is ongoing Good use of reference management software can define your workflow Ask: what is important to your workflow?

Some things to consider when choosing your reference software What is important to you/your workflow? Cost Exporting/importing references from databases Integration with word processors PDF management Cross-platform support (Mac, Windows, mobile) Online storage/syncing Sharing and social networking

Endnote Pros Excellent integration with Word and Pages Desktop software Online searching of subscription databases Export from subscription databases Can manage large numbers of references, good de-duplication Endnote Web store and import references Cons Expensive Lack of backwards compatibility No cloud storage of pdfs No mobile apps Falling behind newer more innovative products

Endnote

Bodleian Endnote Support Connection files for subscription databases Information on setting up OpenURL for finding full text

Endnote Practical task 1.Create an EndNote library and search online 2.Insert citations into Word 3.Citation styles 4.Export from Google Scholar

Zotero Pros Free Able to import references from many sites on the fly Word and Open Office toolbars Standalone client (Winows, Mac, Linux) Document management (including drag and drop) Metadata search Scan barcodes (mobiles) Cons Full functionality only available in Firefox No Internet Exlorer support No iPhone/iPad app

Refworks Pros Free to use Integration with Word Export from subscription databases References management, de-duplication Unlimted online storage Alumni access Mobile Web access Cons Offline use is limited No searching of subscription databases Temporary citations entered as code in Word No apps

Refworks Bodleian RefWorks Support Link to access Group Code using SSO Introductory training courses at OUCS

Refworks Practical task 1. Create a RefWorks account 2. Export some references from IBSS 3. Create a bibliography

Research Paper Management Systems Databases for managing pdfs of research papers and other documents May include pdf markup and notes Add pdf and search for metadata Basic integration with word processors Not useful for online searching and bulk reference management

Mendeley Pros Free Online, desktop, and iPhone/iPad versions Easy drag and drop of pdf files Automatic bibliographic data from pdf Backup files on Dropbox Sync from Zotero to Mendeley Sharing and social networking Cons Lack of online bibliographic database support/export Word plugin errors

Papers Pros ‘iTunes style’ PDF management Sync between iPhone/iPad and Mac versions Scanning and OCR Metadata from SCOPUS and Web of Science as well as Google Scholar Cons Cost Mac and iPhone/iPad only No export from databases Can only export citations to Word

Colwiz Pros Complete system for Organizing your workflow, schedules, and collaborations Manage pdfs and make notes Word toolbar Sync between online Mac, Windows, Linux, iPhone/iPad Cons Complex to use Fewer options for importing references

Social Networking

Conclusion Think about your workflow Use the systems to help you, but be aware of their limitations A combination of reference management, research paper management, and academic networking might be the best option.