Achondroplasia: a dominant mutation of HGH (Human Growth Hormone) gene: aa – normal; AA – lethal; Aa – achondroplasic dwarf (“midget”)

Figure 9.13

Figure 9.32

Gregor Mendel Friedrich Miescher

George Gaylord Simpson H J Muller Thomas Hunt Morgan

"Let me try to make crystal clear what is established beyond reasonable doubt, and what needs further study, about evolution. Evolution as a process that has always gone on in the history of the earth can be doubted only by those who are ignorant of the evidence or are resistant to evidence, owing to emotional blocks or to plain bigotry. By contrast, the mechanisms that bring evolution about certainly need study and clarification. There are no alternatives to evolution as history that can withstand critical examination. Yet we are constantly learning new and important facts about evolutionary mechanisms." - Theodosius Dobzhansky "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution", American Biology Teacher vol.35 (March 1973)

Theodosius Dobzhansky ( ) in a group photo in Kiev in 1924; he is seated second from the left at the front, in the great boots.

James Watson & Francis Crick 1953 – DNA structure Rosalind Franklin

Lynn Margulis

KARI MULLIS, Nobel Prize 1993 for PCR

Taq DNA Polymerase from Thermus aquaticus

Table 12.1

Figure 9.00d

Figure 10.5a

Table 9.01

Figure 9.12

Figure 9.20

Extra Photo 09.20x1

Unnumbered Figure 09_UN168e

Figure 9.28

Unnumbered Figure 09_UN167

Figure 9.31

Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3

Figure 10.5

Figure 10.5b

Figure 10.5c

Figure 10.6

Figure 10.8

Figure 10.9

Figure 10.10

Figure 10.11

Figure TRANSCRIPTION (making RNA) and TRANSLATION (making protein)

Figure MUTATION: DNA, mRNA, protein

Figure OVERSIMPLIFICATION ! Please understand what really happens: not a physical removal of a nucleotide but a “typing error” in replication: a nucleotide is skipped or added when DNA is being copied G -> A: not a physical change but “typing error” in replication when DNA is being copied: A is included instead of G

Figure 10.25

Unnumbered Figure 12_UN222

Figure 12.00c

Figure 12.00a

Figure 12.00b

Figure 12.00d

Figure 12.7

Figure 12.8_1

Figure 12.8_2

Figure 12.8_3

Figure 12.8_4

Figure 12.9_1

Figure 12.9_2

Figure 12.9_3

Figure 12.10

Figure 12.23

Unnumbered Figure 12_UN239a

Figure 12.2

Figure 12.12

Figure 12.14

Figure 12.15

Figure 12.16

Extra Photo 12.16x

Figure 12.17

Figure 12.18

Figure 12.21