The War of Resistance Themes: War as Destruction, War as Development, War and Revolution Japan’s Advance: From informal empire to War of Invasion Three China’s: Nationalist-held “free China”, Communist rural base areas, Japanese Occupied China

Japanese Imperialism in China Japan as latecomers to the imperial power club : Build an empire that includes Taiwan, Korea, much of North and coastal China, Southeast Asia The Manchurian Incident: September 18, 1931 Establish puppet nation of Manchukuo in Northeast China

The War of Resistance Marco Polo Bridge ( 芦沟桥 ) Incident: July 7, Leads to the start of Japan’s invasion of Eastern China The Battle for Shanghai: Chiang looses 60 of his modernized army Nanjing (Nanking) Massacre/ “The Rape of Nanjing” The “3 Alls” Campaign: Kill all, burn all, loot all

Nanjing Massacre Japanese military attacks Nanjing civilian population for weeks in late 1937, early ,000 are killed, 20,000 raped One of the worst war crimes of the 20 th century