I SLAMIC S CIENCE Project by: Ina Ciubara Zohra Mahdi Karen Vaccarini

I SLAMIC S CIENCE I SLAMIC G OLDEN A GE (8 TH -16 TH C ENTURY I. Medicine II. Philosophy III. Mathematics IV. Natural Science V. Science Logic VI. Scientific Method

I SLAMIC SCIENCE Islamic Golden Age Between the 8th and 16th centuries Islam was the driving force behind the Muslim achievements known as Arabic science

S CIENTIFIC METHOD Experimentation Empirical Observation Historical Methods Controlled Experimentation Inquiry Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) was a polymath who was a pioneer of modern optics and the scientific method

M EDICINE Systematic Experimentation Quantification into the study of physiology Discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases Introduction of quarantine Avicenna was a polymath who was considered a pioneer of experimental medicine and the concept of momentum

I SLAMIC PHILOSOPHY Logic in Islamic law and theology i. Analogical reasoning ii. Inductive reasoning iii. Categorical syllogism Aristotelian logic i. Metaphysics Alfarabian logic i. Contingents ii. Number and relation of the categories iii. the relation between logic and grammar

FORMAL SCIENCES LOGIC Avicennian logic as a replacement of Aristotelian logic. Introduction on hypothetical syllogism (history of logic) Temporal modal logic ( possibility, probability, necessity) Inductive logic Developed science of citation-ISNAD 15 TH century ASHARITE school Standards of an argument Islamic philosophers studied logic and language

MATHEMATICS Al-khawarizmi contributions to algebra: Intro to Arabic numerals Into to decimal point Al-Karagi first to introduce “ THEORY OF ALGEBRAIC CALCULUS” Prove binomial theorem Prove Pascal’s Triangle, integral cubes Ibn al-Haytham first for “ SUM OF FORTH POWERS” Invention of spherical trigonometry Omar Khayyam first to find solution to cubic equations

N ATURAL S CIENCES A STRONOMY IN M EDIEVAL I SLAM Stars in the sky  Aldebaran  Altair Astronomical Terms  Alhidade  Azimuth  almucantar Nasi al-Din Tusi was a polymath who Nasir al-Din Tusi was a polymath who resolved significant problems in the Ptolemaic system with the Tusi-couple, which played an important role in Copernican heliocentrism

N ATURAL S CIENCES C HEMISTRY  Alembic  Still  Distillation  Liquefaction  Crystallisation  Purification  Oxidisation  Filtration Jabir inb-hayyan (Geber) was a polymath who is considered a pioneer of chemstry and perfumery

N ATURAL S CIENCE Physics Ibn Sahl mathematician and physicist First to discover law of refraction (Snell’s law) Used this law to work out the shapes of lenses that focus light with no geometric aberrations, known as anaclastic lenses set out his understanding of how curved mirrors and lenses bend and focus light Reproduction of a page of Ibn Sahl's manuscript showing his discovery of the law of refraction (from Rashed, 1990). The original (ca. 984) is public domain. Ibn Sahl's

Source: Islamic Golden Age. Retrieved November 15, 2008 from