Universal Design Motivation

Overview Topic 1.1. Understanding Design Topic 1.2. Understanding Diversity Topic 1.3. The Ageing Population Topic 1.4. Good Business Topic 1.5. Universal Design

Topic 1.1 Understanding Design

Design What is design?

Design Give examples of some designs?

Design What makes a design good?

Design What makes a design bad?

Bad Designs "Photograph courtesy of Baddesigns.Com" Darnell, M. J. (2006). Bad Human Factors Designs. Baddesigns.Com

Bad Designs "Photograph courtesy of Baddesigns.Com" Darnell, M. J. (2006). Bad Human Factors Designs. Baddesigns.Com

Bad Designs "Photograph courtesy of Baddesigns.Com" Darnell, M. J. (2006). Bad Human Factors Designs. Baddesigns.Com

Bad Designs "Photograph courtesy of Baddesigns.Com" Darnell, M. J. (2006). Bad Human Factors Designs. Baddesigns.Com

Bad Designs "Photograph courtesy of Baddesigns.Com" Darnell, M. J. (2006). Bad Human Factors Designs. Baddesigns.Com

Bad Designs "Photograph courtesy of Baddesigns.Com" Darnell, M. J. (2006). Bad Human Factors Designs. Baddesigns.Com

Bad Designs "Photograph courtesy of Baddesigns.Com" Darnell, M. J. (2006). Bad Human Factors Designs. Baddesigns.Com

Cost of Bad Designs In 2009 Toyota had to recall about 3.8 million cars and trucks to reshape and/or replace the accelerator pedals. The design of the accelerator pedal in combination with loose floormats may have resulted in the accelerator pedal getting stuck.

Cost of Bad Designs In 2011 they had to recall a further 2.2 million cars and trucks because of the same issue.

Exercise Get a single sheet of paper – Tear one out of your notebook/notepad Design a paper aeroplane using this piece of paper. – I’d like you to do this in silence without asking any questions.

Exercise: Reflections Did you design the paper aeroplane or did you build it? If you did this exercise right, there should be a blueprint or plan for a paper aeroplane drawn on the piece of paper. Too often people forget the vital step of designing before building, and as a consequence overlook vital steps that may missed.

Topic 1.2 Understanding Diversity

Diversity Dimensions of diversity: How do we differ from each other? Age, size, ability, gender, culture, language, literacy, education, technology. Challenges for people: How do the ways we differ from each other impact on how we share use of environments, products, services?

Diversity: The World

The Mercator projection increasingly inflates the sizes of regions according to their distance from the equator. This inflation results, for example, in a representation of Greenland that is larger than Africa, whereas in reality Africa is 14 times as large.

Diversity: The World

7 Billion Global Population 49.6 : 50.4 Gender 6912 ‘Live’ Languages 2050 – 2 Billion Global over – 4:1 Potential Support Ratio 4 Billion $4 or less income per day 1 in 4 Poor Literacy 1 in 3 GSM Mobile Phone 1 Billion People live in slums 2007 The year when more people live in urban than rural areas 600+ Million People with disabilities Slide by John Clarkson

Diversity: Ireland

Ethnic groups: – Irish 87.4%, – other white 7.5%, – Asian 1.3%, – black 1.1%, – mixed 1.1%, – unspecified 1.6%

Diversity: Ireland Languages: – English (official, the language generally used), – Irish (Gaelic or Gaeilge) (official, spoken mainly in areas along the western coast)

Diversity: Ireland Religions: – Roman Catholic 87.4%, – Church of Ireland 2.9%, – other Christian 1.9%, – other 2.1%, – unspecified 1.5%, – none 4.2%

Exercise Calculate the percentage in the class who are: Category 1Category 2Category 3 HANDEDNESSLeft-handedRight-handedAmbidextrous HEIGHTUnder 5’08”5’09” - 6’00”Over 6’00” AGEYounger than 18 years old 18 years oldOlder than 18 years old

Topic 1.3 The Ageing Population

Ageing: The World Population Structures by Age and Sex, 2005 Millions Less Developed Regions More Developed Regions MaleFemaleMaleFemale Age Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision, 2005.

Ageing: Ireland Age structure: – 0-14 years: 21.1% – years: 67.3% – 65 years and over: 11.6% – male 503,921 – female 483,454 – male 1,581,959 – female 1,560,238 – male 246,212 – female 295,192

Ageing: Ireland Age structure: – 0-14 years: 21.1% – years: 67.3% – 65 years and over: 11.6% – male 503,921 – female 483,454 – male 1,581,959 – female 1,560,238 – male 246,212 – female 295,192

Ageing: Ireland “Population Ageing in Ireland: Projections ” National Council On Ageing And Older People 0-14 years old years old Aged %72%11% %66%15%

Exercise Write down three interesting things you’ve hear so far in this lecture (1 minute). Share with a partner (3 minutes), reflecting which issues you had in common and which were different.

Topic 1.4 Good Business

Better Innovation Ben Shneiderman says that “accommodating a broader spectrum of usage situations forces designers to consider a wider range of designs and often leads to innovations that benefit all users” – Shneiderman, B., Universal Usability: A research agenda for human-computer interaction research to empower every citizen. In Earnshaw, R., Guedj, R., Van Dam, A., and Vince, J. (Editors), Human-Centred Computing, Online Communities, and Virtual Environments, Springer-Verlag London (2001),

Better Innovation Gregg Vanderheiden is quoted in Gandy et al. (2003) as saying that Universal Design encourages more innovative and creative design and challenge the designer to create products that are a combination of "the best of today’s collective knowledge, technologies and materials”, this challenge can lead to radically new directions in design. – Gandy, M., Ross, D. & Starner, T.E., Universal design: Lessons for wearable computing. Pervasive Computing, IEEE, 2(3), pp.19–23.

“Disabled Data” UK Department of Trade and Industry “A study of the difficulties disabled people have when using everyday consumer products.” August 2000 Assist designers to develop everyday consumer products that can be used safely and efficiently … as wide a range of people as possible Slide by John Clarkson

Using a Kettle OPCS 1 category for 'Manipulation' and 'Gripping' is 'Dexterity' OPCS 1 category for 'Lifting' and 'Transporting' is 'Reaching and stretching‘ 1 Office of Population Census and Surveys Slide by John Clarkson

Milk Packaging Aim: To estimate the number of disabled people likely to have difficulty in opening milk packaging Slide by John Clarkson

Cereal Packaging Aim: To estimate the number of disabled people likely to have difficulty in opening cereal bag packaging Slide by John Clarkson

Jam Jars Aim: To estimate the number of disabled people likely to have difficulty in opening jam jars Slide by John Clarkson

Packaged Products Order of difficulty for gripping (easy to hard) 1.Cleaning solution 2.Microwave meal packaging 3.Instant soup packaging 4.Soup tin 5.Washing powder/liquid 6.Sugar 7.Milk 8.Washing up liquid 9.Bread packaging 10.Butter 11.Tea bag 12.Tin of tuna 13.Plastic bottle 14.Cheese packaging 15.Meat tin 16.Toothpaste 17.Shoe polish 18.Cereal packaging 19.Jam jar Slide by John Clarkson

Exercise Form a team and try a "concept combination" - take two concepts or objects and combine them in some novel way. As a team, the point is just to see what you can come up with - What can you come up with from the combination of a chair and a microwave? Perhaps an easy-chair that has a cooler and microwave and television built in. Or microwaveable "couch potatoes" ; a potato snack in the shape of a couch.

Topic 1.5 Universal Design

Universal Design Universal design is an approach to design that honours human diversity. It addresses the right for everyone – from childhood into their oldest years – to use all spaces, products and information, in an independent, inclusive and equal way. It is a process that invites designers to go beyond compliance with access codes, to create excellent, people centred design. – Elaine Ostroff

Universal Design Universal Design is the design and composition of an environment so that it can be accessed, understood and used to the greatest extent possible by all people regardless of their age, size or disability Irish Disability Act, 2005

Universal Design The design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialised design Centre for Universal Design, North Carolina State University

Universal Design Universal Design means… – Design Once – Include All It is not (just) about disability It is about usability for all

The Principles of Universal Design 1.Equitable Use 2.Flexibility in Use 3.Simple and Intuitive 4.Perceptible Information 5.Tolerance for Error 6.Low Physical Effort 7.Size and Space for Approach and Use

Exercise Pick any object in the room around you, and evaluate it under the seven principles

Big Exercise

Exercise PESTLE POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGICAL LEGAL ENVIRONMENTAL

Exercise Think about the origins of your mobile phone What are the PESTLE forces that led to its creation? For example, consider how the mobile phone would be different if they had originally created by a different culture? Or with a different kind of technology? Or in a more environmentally friendly manner? etc.

Exercise – What about one of the following: Your wallet a book your clothes