Dr. Nicole Seng Lai Giea

 BSE  Hendra virus  Nipah virus  Menangle viral infection  SARS  RVF ( never seen outside Africa before 2000, outbreaks in Arabian peninsula in 2000)  HPAI

Rabies JE Nipah virus Brucellosis Contagious ecthyma Meliodosis tuberculosis Leptospirosis Toxoplasmosis Salmonellosis Staphylococcal infection Ornithosis Cat scratch disease Dermatomycosis Erysipelothrix Campylobacteriosis Dirofilariosis Sporothrichosis Q-fever influenza monkeypox

 Is seen by WHO “ as a linkage between veterinary medicine and human health  Aim: promote the well being, protect and improve the quality of life Human health Veterinary public health Veterinary medicine

 “ the contribution to the complete physical, mental and social well being of humans through an understanding and application of veterinary medical science ”(WHO, 1999)

Food production Transportation & Working activities Animal products eg: clothing Recreation

 Those infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animal and man  Animals act as reservoir for causative agents

 Affect well-being of man – morbidity, mortality, and anxiety  Loss of animals—dead, culled, destroyed  Loss of productivity – prevent eficient production of food  Obstacles to international trade in animals and animal products

 A zoonotic disease maintained in nature primarily by animal to animal transmission of the infectious agent rabies bovine tuberculosis cat scratch disease brucellosis

an infectious disease in which a disease causing agent carried by humans is transferred to other animals It may cause the same disease or a different disease in other animals It can also be defined as a human-to-human infection with no animal vector

 the zoonoses include infectionn transmitted from humans to animals human tuberculosis

 zoonotic disease maintained in nature both by animal to animal and human to human transmission staphylococcosis, streptococcosis, influenza

1. Direct zoonoses  Require one vertebrate species to propagate V V1  No developmental change or propagation of the organism occurs during the transmission  eg: rabies, brucellosis 2. Cyclozoonosis  Require at least two (2) vertebrate species, no invertebrate species V V V1  eg: taeniasis,

3. Metazoonosis  Require a vertebrate and an invertebrate species, agents multiplies and/or develops in an invertebrate host before transmission V iv V1  eg: babesiosis 4. Saprozoonosis  Requires a vertebrate species and an in inanimate object or a non-animal development site such as plants, soil, and foods V O V1  Mycotic diseases

 Infectious agents  Reservoirs  Portal of entry  Mode of transmission  Host immunity

 Infectious agents: an organism that is capable of producing infection  Infection: entry, development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of man or animals, the result may be inapparent (subclinical) or shows clinical manifestation (infectious disease)  Inapparent infection: the presence of infection in the host without recognizable clinical signs or symptoms, they are usually detected through diagnostic test (host=carrier)  Infectious disease: a clinical manifest disease o man or animal resulting from an infection  Communicable disease: an infectious disease transmissible （ as from person to person) by direct contact with an affected individual’s discharges or by direct means (as by a vector)  Contagious disease : an infectious disease communicable by contact with one who has it, with a bodily discharge of such a patient, or with an object touched by such a patient or bodily discharge (indrect means)

 Bactria--anthrax, brucellosis  Virus—rabies and influenza  Parasit--Cysticercosis/Taeniasis  Rickettsia  Fungus--sporotrichosis.  Chlamydia--psittacosis  Prion -- variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)

 Direct  Indirect  Air-borne

 Direct transmission: immediate transfer of an organism to receptive portal of entry in man through which infection may take place a. Direct contact– touching, biting, scratching b. Direct projection – projection of droplet spray onto conjunctiva or mucous membrane or mouth

 Indirect transmission: transmission of infectious organism from the source/reservoir through contaminated materials or objects or vectors a. vehicle-borne – by any non-living(inanimate) or objects (fomites) which serves as intermediate means by which the organism are transmitted to susceptible host b. vector-borne- by living arthropod, such as insects, mites, ticks, fleas which transmit the infective form of agent to susceptible host b. I mechanical host b. II biological host

 Mechanical host: Infectious agents are carried through its soiled feet or proboscis or by the passages o the agents in the GIT  Biological host: Infectious agents undergo propagation/ multiplication,cyclic development or a combination to become infective forms before they are transmitted

 Dissemination of microbial aerosols to a suitable portal of entry, usually the respiratory tract  Microbial aerosols suspensions of particles in the air or a long periods of time consisting of partially or wholly of microorganisms, some retaining and other losing virulence Small size (1-5µm) are easily drawn into the alveoli a. Droplet nuclei b. dust

 Is the normal habitat in which the infectious agent lives, multiplies and grows that can be transmitted to a susceptible host  Types of carrier Inapparent carrier Incubatory carrier Convalescent carrier

 Six portals in the body Respiratory tract Conjunctiva Urogenital tract GIT Skin (intact, broken, abraded) placenta

Beneficial or hazardous ??

 Control and prevention of zoonoses  Safety of foods of animal origins  Disposal of animal waste  Comparative medicine  Laboratory animal  Hazardous/toxic animal

 Diagnosis, surveillance, epidemiology, control, prevention and elimination of zoonoses  Food protection,meat inspectation  Management of health aspects of laboratory animal facilities and diagnostic laboratories  Biomedical research  Health education and extension; and production and control of biological products and medical devices  Other VPH core domains may include management of domestic and wild animal populations, protection of drinking-water and the environment, and management of public health emergencies

 We, the Vets, through our remit to facilitate and encourage veterinary development and services, we can improve the health and welfare of both human and animals