A PPENDIX A H ARDWARE A PPENDIX B S OFTWARE

S TUFF FOR CLASS Case is $80,000 enough on web

I S T HIS E NOUGH M ONEY ? Is the $80,000 question a credible problem? What happens if you answer the $80,000 question incorrectly? What kind of reputation are you building for yourself Whom do you think you are competing against As we go through this chapter what questions might you ask to answer the $80,000 question correctly

4 SIX MAJOR ROLES AND GOALS OF IT 1.Increase employee productivity by reducing time, errors and costs using 2.Enhance decision making 3.Improve team collaboration 4.Create business partnerships and alliances 5.Enable global reach all over the world taking into consideration the culture of each nation or society. 6.Facilitate organizational transformation as the organization evolves and responds to the ever-changing marketplace.

A-5 C OMPUTER H ARDWARE Output Device Monitor Input Device Keyboard Processing Device The System Unit

A-6 I NPUT D EVICES – T EXT AND P OINTING

A-7 I NPUT N EEDS AND D EVICES

A-8 P ROCESSING Processing The role of processing in a computer system is to translate inputs into outputs. This is done through a combination of language and system components Language Computers speak a language called binary or “machine language” which consists of 0s & 1s Language Computers speak a language called binary or “machine language” which consists of 0s & 1s System Unit The physical box that houses all of the working electronic components of the computer System Unit The physical box that houses all of the working electronic components of the computer

A-9 P ROCESSING – L ANGUAGE Binary or Machine Language The language that all computers use IT is expressed in 0s or 1s only (see below) Binary utilizes Base-2 math to convert from normal characters to binary code (e.g. A = in binary) Binary or Machine Language The language that all computers use IT is expressed in 0s or 1s only (see below) Binary utilizes Base-2 math to convert from normal characters to binary code (e.g. A = in binary) A = Bit A single 0 or 1 Bit A single 0 or 1 Byte (8 bits) Makes up one character Byte (8 bits) Makes up one character Binary ExampleHow a Computer Uses it

A-10 P ROCESSING – T HE S YSTEM U NIT The System Unit The physical box that houses all of the working electronic components of the computer The System Unit The physical box that houses all of the working electronic components of the computer Components Support – electronic equipment to run the machine Central Processing Unit (CPU) – the primary processor in a computer Primary Storage – temporary and permanent storage used by the computer to operate Secondary Storage – longer-term storage for data Ports and Slots – mechanisms to connect devices and specialty processors Components Support – electronic equipment to run the machine Central Processing Unit (CPU) – the primary processor in a computer Primary Storage – temporary and permanent storage used by the computer to operate Secondary Storage – longer-term storage for data Ports and Slots – mechanisms to connect devices and specialty processors

A-11 P ROCESSING – M OTHER B OARD Motherboard Central Processing Unit (CPU) RAM and ROM Secondary Storage Devices (e.g. hard drive) Slots - connecting specialty processors Ports - connecting input/output devices

A-12 P ROCESSING – C ENTRAL P ROCESSING U NIT Central Processing Unit (CPU) Called the “brains of the computer”, its role is to perform the operations of the computer using two components: Control Unit – this device interprets instructions and transmits direction to the computer’s components Arithmetic Logic Unit – this device performs math as well as logical operations by interpreting and executing instructions Central Processing Unit (CPU) Called the “brains of the computer”, its role is to perform the operations of the computer using two components: Control Unit – this device interprets instructions and transmits direction to the computer’s components Arithmetic Logic Unit – this device performs math as well as logical operations by interpreting and executing instructions

A-13 P ROCESSING – C ENTRAL P ROCESSING U NIT Moore’s Law (1970s) Dr. Gordon Moore from Intel hypothesized that processing performance would double every 18 months Moore’s Law (1970s) Dr. Gordon Moore from Intel hypothesized that processing performance would double every 18 months CPU Processing Intel Pentium IV CPU packs 55 million transistors CPU Processing Intel Pentium IV CPU packs 55 million transistors

A-14 P ROCESSING – P RIMARY S TORAGE Primary Storage This storage is used for temporary storage to support computer processing and comes in RAM and ROM types Primary Storage This storage is used for temporary storage to support computer processing and comes in RAM and ROM types Random Access Memory (RAM) Read-Only Memory (ROM) Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM or also called Flash Memory) Random Access Memory (RAM) Read-Only Memory (ROM) Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM or also called Flash Memory)

A-15 P ROCESSING – S ECONDARY S TORAGE Hard Drives Diskettes Magnetic Tape Optical Disk Magneto-Optical (MO) Compact Disk (CD) Digital Video Disk (DVD Hard Drives Diskettes Magnetic Tape Optical Disk Magneto-Optical (MO) Compact Disk (CD) Digital Video Disk (DVD Secondary Storage This nonvolatile storage is used to permanently store information and is not part of the CPU but is connected through the system bus. It comes in many types: Secondary Storage This nonvolatile storage is used to permanently store information and is not part of the CPU but is connected through the system bus. It comes in many types:

A-16 P ROCESSING – P ORTS AND S LOTS These are devices used to provide hardware interfaces – plugs and sockets - to connect devices to computers and components to provide a fully functional computer

A-17 O UTPUT D EVICES Video A visual display of data that supports motion using a monitor (monochrome or colour) coming in two types: Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD Projection – A device that projects a picture onto a screen Video A visual display of data that supports motion using a monitor (monochrome or colour) coming in two types: Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD Projection – A device that projects a picture onto a screen CRT LCD

A-18 O UTPUT D EVICES Printers and Plotters A visual display that is presented on hard copy (e.g. paper) Dot Matrix – Ink-jet – Laser Printers and Plotters A visual display that is presented on hard copy (e.g. paper) Dot Matrix – Ink-jet – Laser Audio

A-19 T YPES OF C OMPUTERS Supercomputers Mainframe Computers Workstations Microcomputers Midrange Computers

A-20 T YPES OF C OMPUTERS – M ICROCOMPUTERS Personal Computers Network Computers Notebook Tablet PC Handheld Computer 1 laptop per child

B-21 C LASSES OF S OFTWARE System Software The collection of programs that control the basic functions of computer hardware System Software The collection of programs that control the basic functions of computer hardware Application Software Programs that let the user perform a specific task or operation by interacting with the system software Application Software Programs that let the user perform a specific task or operation by interacting with the system software Development Languages and Environments Automated software tools used by system developers to design and implement information systems Development Languages and Environments Automated software tools used by system developers to design and implement information systems

B-22 S YSTEM S OFTWARE – A. K. A. O PERATING S YSTEMS Common Functions Booting or (starting) the computer Reading programs into memory and managing memory allocation Managing where programs and files are located in secondary storage Maintaining the structure of directories and subdirectories Formatting disks Controlling the computer monitor Sending documents to the printer

B-23 O PERATING S YSTEM – I NTERFACES Interfaces After boot up, the computer provides an interface for the user or programmer to interact with it. Different operating systems use different types Interfaces After boot up, the computer provides an interface for the user or programmer to interact with it. Different operating systems use different types Common Interface Type Command-based interface– Menu interface – Graphical user interface (GUI) Common Interface Type Command-based interface– Menu interface – Graphical user interface (GUI)

B-24 C OMMON O PERATING S YSTEMS

B-25 O PERATING S YSTEMS - U TILITIES Utilities: Programs that manage computer resources and files and may be included in the operating system or purchased separately as needed Utilities: Programs that manage computer resources and files and may be included in the operating system or purchased separately as needed

B-26 A PPLICATION S OFTWARE Application Software This software performs specific user functions (e.g. ) Application Software This software performs specific user functions (e.g. ) Customized Application Software Software that is developed to meet the specification of an organization. This can be developed “in-house” by IS staff or by an outside vendor. Advantages include: Customizability – tailored to meet specific needs Problem specificity – pay for only those functions that are developed for and used by the organization Customized Application Software Software that is developed to meet the specification of an organization. This can be developed “in-house” by IS staff or by an outside vendor. Advantages include: Customizability – tailored to meet specific needs Problem specificity – pay for only those functions that are developed for and used by the organization Off-the-Shelf Software Packaged software developed by a vendor for a particular problem or industry but is not specific to an organization. This is a lower cost approach that may be combined with custom development to tailor it Off-the-Shelf Software Packaged software developed by a vendor for a particular problem or industry but is not specific to an organization. This is a lower cost approach that may be combined with custom development to tailor it

B-27 T YPES OF A PPLICATION S OFTWARE Types of Application Software Application software come in two types for use by organizations: 1) large business systems and office automation; 2) personal productivity tools Business Systems These large systems support enterprise- wide operations such as: Accounting -A/P, A/R, general ledger, payroll Operations - inventory management, order processing, shipping, etc. Business Systems These large systems support enterprise- wide operations such as: Accounting -A/P, A/R, general ledger, payroll Operations - inventory management, order processing, shipping, etc. Personal Productivity Used by individuals or groups to support a variety of common tasks such as: Communication – , word processing Scheduling – group calendars Analysis - spreadsheets Personal Productivity Used by individuals or groups to support a variety of common tasks such as: Communication – , word processing Scheduling – group calendars Analysis - spreadsheets

B-28 O PEN S OURCE S OFTWARE Open Source A special class of software that includes operating systems, application software, and programming languages in which the source code (the actual program code) is freely available to the general public for use and/or modification Open Source A special class of software that includes operating systems, application software, and programming languages in which the source code (the actual program code) is freely available to the general public for use and/or modification Popular Open Source Applications A number of mainstream open source applications can be found across many organizations. Here are just a few: Operating systems – Linux Web browsers – Mozilla Web servers – Apache processing – Sendmail Internet domain naming service – BIND Secure connection standard - OpenSSL Popular Open Source Applications A number of mainstream open source applications can be found across many organizations. Here are just a few: Operating systems – Linux Web browsers – Mozilla Web servers – Apache processing – Sendmail Internet domain naming service – BIND Secure connection standard - OpenSSL

B-29 C OMPILERS, L ANGUAGES, AND E NVIRONMENTS Compilers and Interpreters Software designed to translate programming languages into machine code or binary in order to allow the computer to execute the program instructions Compilers and Interpreters Software designed to translate programming languages into machine code or binary in order to allow the computer to execute the program instructions Programming Languages Languages used to write program instructions that have evolved from early “machine language” to higher-level languages that are easier to write and understand Programming Languages Languages used to write program instructions that have evolved from early “machine language” to higher-level languages that are easier to write and understand Automated Development Environments Automated software tools used by systems developers to design and implement information systems and increase quality and productivity Automated Development Environments Automated software tools used by systems developers to design and implement information systems and increase quality and productivity

B-30 C OMPILERS AND I NTERPRETERS Compilers These highly-specialized software applications are used to convert program instructions (source code) into the machine code (object code) prior to being loaded into a computer’s secondary storage ( entire program ) Compilers These highly-specialized software applications are used to convert program instructions (source code) into the machine code (object code) prior to being loaded into a computer’s secondary storage ( entire program ) Compiler Example

B-31 C OMPILERS AND I NTERPRETERS Interpreter These specialized software applications are similar to compilers but instead of translating the source code to machine language prior to loading, it reads, translates, and executes one line of source code at a time during operation ( one line at a time ) Interpreter These specialized software applications are similar to compilers but instead of translating the source code to machine language prior to loading, it reads, translates, and executes one line of source code at a time during operation ( one line at a time ) Interpreter Example

B-32 P ROGRAMMING L ANGUAGES - G ENERATIONS Programming Languages These languages are used to write program instructions and have evolved over time making them more powerful, easier to read and write, and more natural language-focused Programming Languages These languages are used to write program instructions and have evolved over time making them more powerful, easier to read and write, and more natural language-focused 1 st Machine Binary 2 nd Symbolic Use of symbols 1940s 3 rd High-Level Use English like words for procedures 4 th Outcome Oriented Use outcome focused words 1950s mid 1950s 1970s 5 th Artificial Intelligence Natural language (spoken English) Generations of Programming Languages 1990s

B-33 P OPULAR P ROGRAMMING L ANGUAGES

B-34 P ROGRAMMING L ANGUAGES – M ORE R ECENT H IGH -L EVEL Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) These languages allow programmers to group data and program instructions together into modules (objects) that can be manipulated by a programmer (e.g Java or C++). Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) These languages allow programmers to group data and program instructions together into modules (objects) that can be manipulated by a programmer (e.g Java or C++). Visual Languages These languages take advantage of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) allowing additions of visual objects (e.g. buttons) with a few clicks versus coding the object pixel by pixel Visual Languages These languages take advantage of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) allowing additions of visual objects (e.g. buttons) with a few clicks versus coding the object pixel by pixel

B-35 P ROGRAMMING L ANGUAGES – W EB D EVELOPMENT Web Development Languages These languages are used to develop Web pages and operations using both static and dynamic content Web Development Languages These languages are used to develop Web pages and operations using both static and dynamic content Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) Extensible Markup Language (XML) Dynamic Content Markup languages are used for laying out or formatting content, while dynamic languages are needed to provide animation or dynamic (changing) content Dynamic Content Markup languages are used for laying out or formatting content, while dynamic languages are needed to provide animation or dynamic (changing) content Dynamic Languages Several languages are available for creating dynamic content such as: Java – ActiveX – Scripting Languages (JavaScript) – Dynamic Languages Several languages are available for creating dynamic content such as: Java – ActiveX – Scripting Languages (JavaScript) –

I S T HIS E NOUGH M ONEY ? What is the money supposed to cover Hardware Software PC for employees or servers and networks and other infrastructure Type of work employees do Is existing equipment sufficient for anticipated workload ( who do I involve in decision ) Types of hardware, software etc Get me the Geeks