10 August, 2010 Bradley M. Sherrill FRIB Chief Scientist Pan-American Advanced Studies Institute on Rare Isotopes: Rare isotope production and FRIB 10 August, 2010 Bradley M. Sherrill FRIB Chief Scientist

Broad Overview of Talk Production of rare isotopes Goal: Try to talk about something not previously covered in detail at PASI Production of rare isotopes Reaction mechanisms Facilities (FRIB) Tests of fundamental symmetries Effects of symmetry violations are amplified in certain nuclei Societal applications and benefits Bio-medicine, energy, material sciences, national security

How do we make rare isotopes? Lithium-7 3 protons, 4 neutrons Suppose we want to study Lithium-11 3 protons, 8 neutrons

An alternative 18O 17N 16C 15B 14Be 13Li 12Li 11Li 18O 11Li Start with a nucleus with enough neutrons and to make 11Li (e.g. 18O) and remove protons 18O 17N 16C 15B 14Be 13Li 12Li 11Li 18O 11Li

Creation of new isotopes 18-Oxygen Collision 11-Lithium Atom smasher To use this mechanism (projectile fragmentation), an 18O nucleus is accelerated to a velocity of greater than around 50 MeV/u.

Cross Section for Production Beam Target 18O 17N 16C 15B 14Be 13Li 12Li 11Li One nucleon removal Around 50 mb (light nuclei) P ≈ 5% 2n removal 5 mb P = .5% And so on Rule of thumb .1 x for each neutron removed rb rt Actual: 16O +12C interaction cross section: 1000 mb (measured at 970 MeV/u) Note: Above around 300 MeV/u the interaction length is shorter than the electronic stopping range of the 16O

Rare Isotope Production Mechanisms There are a variety of nuclear reaction mechanisms used to add or remove nucleons (items for the jargon page) Spallation Fragmentation Coulomb fission (photo fission) Nuclear induced fission Light ion transfer Fusion-evaporation (cold, hot, incomplete, …) Fusion-Fission Deep Inelastic Transfer Massive transfer There is no best method. Many still have interesting physics question relevant to their application to produce rare isotopes.

Production Methods – Low Energy (p,n) (p,nn) etc. Ep < 50 MeV Used for the production of medical isotopes. Selective, large production cross sections (100 mb), and intense (500 mA) primary beams. Used at HRIBF(ISOL), LLN (ISOL), ANL (in-flight) and Notre Dame (in-flight), Texas A&M (in-flight with MARS, e.g. 23Al) Fusion-Evaporation Low energy 5-15 MeV/A and “thin” targets (mg/cm2) Selective with fairly large production cross sections. Used at for example ANL(in-flight), JYFL (Jyväskylä) Fusion-Fission – 238U+12C (basis of Laser acceleration idea D. Habs et al.)

Example of production by fusion-evaporation Beam and target fuse (post fusion nucleons may be evaporated) Variant – Incomplete fusion where particles are lost prior to the complete fusion of the participants High, specific production cross sections Example: 3He (58Ni, 60Zn) n, ENi = 250 MeV Production cross section from PACE4 (A.Gavron, Phys.Rev. C21 (1980) 230-236): 60 mb 1 g/cm2 target Yield of 60Zn is 7x107/pμA (LBL 88-inch has 10 pμA of 58Ni)

Low Energy - Continued Multi-Nucleon Transfer reactions (two body final state) Significant cross section between 10 - 50 MeV/A High production of nuclei near stability. Multi-nucleon reactions can be used to produce rare or more neutron rich nuclei, e.g. GSI mass separator had a program to study neutron rich f-p shell nuclei using neutron transfer. Deeply inelastic reactions (10 - 50?/A MeV/u range) Deep inelastic - KE of the beam is deposited in the target. Products are emitted away from the beam axis. Was used to first produce many of the light neutron rich nuclei Is used to study neutron rich nuclei since the products are “cooler” and fewer neutrons are evaporated than in fusion reactions. Large cross sections for production of some exotic isotopes

Deep Inelastic Transfer Example R Broda J Phys G 32, R151-R192 (2006) – work at ANL, recent with GAMMASPHERE I = 106/s σ = 1 mb 20 mg/cm2 Yield = 700/hr Models by Tasson-Got based on Monte Carlo (L. Tassan-Got and C. Stefan, Nucl. Phys. A524, 121 (1991)) and statistical decay of the product GEMINI (R. Charity et al., Nucl. Phys. A483, 371 (1988))

Production Mechanisms – High Energy Fragmentation (FRIB, NSCL, GSI, RIKEN, GANIL) Projectile fragmentation of high energy (>50 MeV/A) heavy ions Target fragmentation of a target with high energy protons or light HIs. In the heavy ion reaction mechanism community this would include intermediate mass fragments. Spallation (ISOLDE, TRIUMF-ISAC, EURISOL, SPES, …) Name comes from spalling or cracking-off of target pieces. One of the major ISOLDE mechanisms, e.g. 11Li made from spallation of Uranium. Fission (HRIBF, ARIEL, ISAC, JYFL, …) There is a variety of ways to induce fission (photons, protons, neutrons (thermal, low, high energy) The fissioning nuclei can be the target (HRIBF, ISAC) or the beam (GSI, NSCL, RIKEN, FAIR, FRIB). Coulomb Breakup (GSI) At beam velocities of 1 GeV/n the equivalent photon flux as an ion passes a target is so high the GDR excitation cross section is many barns.

Spallation From Wikimedia Commons: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spallation.gif

Universality of Production Cross Sections Na isotopes H Ravn, CERN

Fragmentation (Projectile) Pictorial model (above 50 MeV/u) Parameterization of cross sections (EPAX 2 Sümmerer and Blank, Phys.Rev. C61(2000)034607) Close related to Silverberg-Tso parameterization Parameters fit to experimental data (exponential form function of removed nucleons) Energy independent cross sections Production cross section does not depend on the target More detailed models (e.g. ABRABLA (K-H Schmidt et al. - See http://www-win.gsi.de/charms/) Internuclear Cascade projectile target

Limiting Fragmentation The production yield of residues saturates with a total beam energy of a few GeV. Limiting Fragmentaton H. Ravn - “The saturation cross-section for more exotic species may well first be reached beyond 5 GeV.” Kaufman and Steinberg, PRC 22 (80) 167.

Production cross section depends on mass Cross section logarithmic with Qg (Tarasov PRC75) Qg = ME(beam) – ME(fragment) This provides a means to determine (roughly) the binding energy (M.B. Tsang et al., Phy Rev C DOI:10.1103/PhysRevC.76.041302) NOTE: The magnitude of the production cross sections do depend on the target 48Ca + W 140 MeV/u 48Ca + Be 140 MeV/u

Production Cross Sections Measured 76Ge Fragmentation at 130 MeV/u Tarasov et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 142501 (2009)

Fission Pictorial Model ABRABLA - See http://www-win.gsi.de/charms/ for excellent details (Schmidt et al.) – J. Benlluire et al. Phy. Rev. C 78 054605 (2008) LISE++ Fission Models (Tarasov et al.) LISE++ The initial fragmentation step produces a wide range of excitation energies Can use photons, protons, nuclei, etc. to induce the fission Observation: For 500 MeV/u 238U the fragmentation and fission cross sections are approximately equal projectile target

Fission Cross Sections Low energy fission can lead to higher yields for certain nuclides. This is the basis of the electron driver upgrade of the TRIUMF (ARIEL).

Summary of High Energy Production Mechanisms CHARMS http/www.gsi.de/charms

The availability of rare isotopes over time Nuclear Chart in 1966 Available today New territory to be explored with next-generation rare isotope facilities The good old days Less than 1000 known isotopes blue – around 3000 known isotopes

Rare Isotope Production Techniques Target spallation and fragmentation by light ions (ISOL – Isotope separation on line) Photon or particle induced fission In-flight Separation following nucleon transfer, fusion, projectile fragmentation/fission Target/Ion Source Post Acceleration Accelerator beam Neutrons Uranium Fission target Reactor Electrons Post Acceleration Accelerator Protons beam Fragment Separator Beam Gas catcher/ solid catcher + ion source Beams used without stopping Post Acceleration Accelerator Note how FRIB is unique in the world; in-flight separation and gas stopping with reacceleration. target

Jargon ISOL In-flight (projectile fragmentation is one production mechanism) Target/Ion Source Post Acceleration Accelerator Accelerator Beam Fragment Separator

Types of ISOL Ion Sources Beam into page Target P. Butler

Production is only one part of the equation I = s Ib Tuseable ediff edes eeff eis_eff eaccel_eff H. Ravn s - production cross section Ib - beam intensity Tuseable - usable target thickness ediff – diffusion efficiency edes – desorption efficiency eeff – effusion efficiency eis_eff - ionization efficiency eaccel_eff - acceleration efficiency target

In-Flight Production Example: NSCL’s CCF D.J. Morrissey, B.M. Sherrill, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 356 (1998) 1985. Example: 86Kr → 78Ni K500 K1200 A1900 production target ion sources coupling line stripping foil wedge focal plane p/p = 5% transmission of 65% of the produced 78Ni 86Kr14+, 12 MeV/u 86Kr34+, 140 MeV/u fragment yield after target fragment yield after wedge fragment yield at focal plane

Exotic Beams Produced at NSCL More than 1000 RIBs have been made – more than 830 RIBs have been used in experiments 12 Hours for a primary beam change; 3 to 12 hours for a secondary beam

Advantages/Disadvantages of ISOL/In-Flight GSI RIKEN NSCL FRIB GANIL ANL RIBBAS … Provides beams with energy near that of the primary beam For experiments that use high energy reaction mechanisms Luminosity (intensity x target thickness) gain of 10,000 Individual ions can be identified Efficient, Fast (100 ns), chemically independent separation Production target is relatively simple ISOL: HRIBF ISAC SPIRAL ISOLDE SPES EURIOSOL Good Beam quality (π mm-mr vs. 30 π mm-mr transverse) Small beam energy spread for fusion studies Can use chemistry (or atomic physics) to limit the elements released 2-step targets provide a path to MW targets High beam intensity leads to 100x gain in secondary ions 400kW protons at 1 GeV is 2.4x1015 protons/s

Sensitivity of Production of Rare Isotopes in Flight The production cross sections for the most exotic nuclei are extremely small; but, facilities can have tremendous sensitivity. The projectile intensity at FRIB (48Ca 400 kW, ≅ 2x1014 ion/s) is such that production cross sections as low as 3x10-20 b (30 zeptobarns, 3x10-48 m2 ) are useful. Neutrino elastic scattering cross sections are Comparison super heavy elements are produced with .5 pb, 5x10-12 b (e.g. element 113 at RIKEN in cold fusion)

World view of rare isotope facilities Ariel Black – production in target Magenta – in-flight production

Gordon Ball, TRIUMF

Present status of the Ariel Project 50 MeV, 500 kW superconducting e-linac funded matching funding from BC province for buildings (funded June 2010) second proton beamline deferred until next 5YP Gordon Ball, TRIUMF

High Power Target Laboratory (HPTL) HRIBF 25MV Tandem Electrostatic Accelerator Injector for Radioactive Ion Species 1 (IRIS1) Injector for Stable Ion Species (ISIS) Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron (ORIC) Enge Spectrograph Daresbury Recoil Separator (DRS) High Power Target Laboratory (HPTL) Recoil Mass Spectrometer (RMS) On-Line Test Facility (OLTF)

Argonne National Laboratory: CARIBU & Energy Upgrade & HELIOS: Unique Synergy Fission products of 252Cf spontaneous fission stopped in gas and accelerated CARIBU gives access to exotic beams not available elsewhere. Physics with beams from CARIBU (1 & 2 nucleon transfer reactions) needs the new energy regime opened by the Energy Upgrade (12 MeV/u) . Solenoid Spectrometer greatly expands the effectiveness of both the fission fragment beams and the existing in-flight RIB program at these higher energies. CARIBU upgrade CARIBU ATLAS Energy Upgrade HELIOS R. Janssens ANL

Yields from the ANL Upgrade Guy Savard, ANL

Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, FRIB Broad Overview Driver linac capable of E/A  200 MeV for all ions, Pbeam  400 kW Early date for completion is 2018; TPC 613M$ Upgrade options (tunnel can house E/A = 400 MeV uranium driver linac, ISOL, multi-user capability …) Thomas Glasmacher Project Manager Konrad Gelbke Director

Overview of the FRIB Facility Lowest cost configuration that meets technical requirements Upgradable Reviewed by various advisory committees Endorsed by CD1 Lehman review July 2010

FRIB Cutaway View Experimental areas and scientific instrumentation for fast, stopped and reaccelerated beams Beam power ramps from 10 kW in year 1 to 400 kW in year 4

Details of the FRIB Layout Β=0.04 β = 0.08 β = 0.2 β = 0.5 Superconducting RF cavities 4 types ≈ 344 total Epeak ≈ 30 MV/m

Fragment Separator Details Marc Hausman; Project leader Unused isotopes could be collected at the beam dump and mass selection slits Self-contained target building Full remote-handling to maximize facility efficiency (target change/week) Target applicable to light and heavy beams (about 1/3 of power lost in target) Beam dump for unreacted primary beam for up to 400 kW beam power

The Five-Minute Rap Version Rare Isotope Rap by Kate McAlpine (also did the LHC Rap)

LISE++ Simulation Code The code operates under Windows and provides a highly user-friendly interface. It can be downloaded freely from the following internet address: http://www.nscl.msu.edu/lise O. Tarasov, D. Bazin et al.

Fragmentation at 400MeV/u LISE++ Simulation for 124Xe and 208Pb fragmentation Momentum distrib. 100Sn Relatively ‘easy’ to collect due to small phase space 200W Angles ≤ ± 20 mrad Momentum ± 3 - 8 % M. Hausmann, T. Nettleton

In-Flight Fission at 400 MeV/u LISE++ Fission model for 238U pb pf 132Sn 76Ni Angles ± 40 - 60 mrad Rigidity ± 6 - 10 % Plus correlations due to fission kinematics M. Hausmann, T. Nettleton

Production Target and Beam Dump Area Grouted floor over shield blocks Target floor shielding Beam dump floor shielding

Key FRIB component: Beam Stopping Fast ions He gas G. Savard, ANL, D. Morrissey NSCL LLN, GSI, et al. Beams for precision experiments at very low-energies or at rest and for reacceleration Cyclotron gas stopper Linear gas stopper Solid stopper (LLN (Belgium), KVI (Netherlands))

TPC covers schedule range Preliminary Performance Baseline Schedule for 2018 Early Completion – CD-4 in 2020 CALENDAR YEAR TPC covers schedule range

What New Nuclides Will FRIB Produce? FRIB will produce more than 1000 NEW isotopes at useful rates (4500 available for study) Theory is key to making the right measurements Exciting prospects for study of nuclei along the drip line to mass 120 (compared to 24) Production of most of the key nuclei for astrophysical modeling Harvesting of unusual isotopes for a wide range of applications Rates are available at http://groups.nscl.msu.edu/frib/rates/

FRIB Organizational Structure and User Input into the Project

FRIB Users http://fribusers.org/ Potential users register as members of the independent FRIB Users Organization, FRIBUO Chartered organization with an elected executive committee (Chair is Michael Smith, ORNL) 15 January 2010 began re-registration and by 27 July had 801 members (55 counties) ; we anticipate 1500 closer to CD4 The FRIBUO has 19 working groups on experimental equipment Discussion of how to merge with NSCL Users Organization Theory is represented by the FRIB Theory Organization 100 members Wick Haxon LBL, Chair http://fribusers.org/ Feb 2010 FRIB equipment workshop

Notional Equipment Layout for Fast, Stopped, and ReA3-ReA12 FRIB experimental areas will use existing NSCL augmented by a new ReA12 experimental area (funded by MSU, to be completed Sept 1, 2011) ReA12 Upgrade is essential for much of the science of FRIB

ReA12 - Reaccelerator 12 MeV/u ReA3 is under construction ReA3 in operation by 2011 0.3-3.2 MeV/u for uranium Upgrade to ReA12 by adding cryomodules already designed and previously constructed 1.2-12 MeV/u for uranium Priority to fund outside the FRIB project

Equipment Needs for FRIB ReA12 (reaccelerated beams to > 12 MeV/u) – consistent message from the scientific community on the importance of this (Users Brochure 2006, ANL and East Lansing FRIBUO Workshops) GRETA (2007 NSAC LRP, top priority of nuclear structure community) SECAR astrophysics recoil separator (top priority of astrophysics community, Feb 2010 FRIBUO Workshop) Recoil mass separator is needed for > 5 MeV/u reaccelerated beams Infrastructure needs: targets, computing, lab and office space (2010 FRIBUO Workshop

Tests of Nature’s Fundamental Symmetries Angular correlations in β-decay and search for scalar currents Mass scale for new particle comparable with LHC 6He and 18Ne at 1012/s Electric Dipole Moments 225Ac, 223Rn, 229Pa (30,000 more sensitive than 199Hg; I > 1010/s) Parity Non-Conservation in atoms weak charge in the nucleus (francium isotopes; 109/s) Unitarity of CKM matrix Vud by super allowed Fermi decay Probe the validity of nuclear corrections e γ 212Fr Z

Rare Isotopes For Society Isotopes for medical research Examples: 47Sc, 62Zn, 64Cu, 67Cu, 68Ge, 149Tb, 153Gd, 168Ho, 177Lu, 188Re, 211At, 212Bi, 213Bi, 223Ra (DOE Isotope Workshop) -emitters 149Tb, 211At: potential treatment of metastatic cancer Cancer therapy of hypoxic tumors based on 67Cu treatment/64Cu dosimetery Reaction rates important for stockpile stewardship and nuclear power – related to astrophysics network calculations Determination of extremely high neutron fluxes by activation analysis Rare isotope samples for (n,g), (n,n’), (n,2n), (n,f) e.g. 88,89Zr Same technique important for astrophysics More difficult cases studied via surrogate reactions (d,p), (3He,a xn) … Tracers for Geology (32Si), Condensed Matter (8Li), industrial tracers (7Be, 210Pb, 137Cs, etc.), … Novel radioactive sources for homeland security applications (for example β-delayed neutron emitters to calibrate detectors, etc.)

Targeted Cancer Therapy Modern targeted therapies in medicine take advantage of knowledge of the biology of cancer and the specific biomolecules that are important in causing or maintaining the abnormal proliferation of cells These radionuclides have been relatively difficult to get in sufficient quantities1. The short-lived alpha emitters are particularly in demand, especially 225Ac, 213Bi, and 211At. Pairs, e.g., 67Cu (treatment) and 64Cu (dosimetry) are particularly interesting DOE Isotopes program and future research facilities, e.g., FRIB and HRIBF upgrade can parasitically supply demand for many isotopes 1Isotopes for the Nation’s Future: A Long Range Plan , NSACIS 2009

8Li β-NMR Resonance Studies Discovery potential of β-NMR very high in exploring depth dependent properties, interfaces, and proximity effects from 5 to 200 nm. Sensitivity 1013 higher than NMR Limited by availability of 8Li facilities Example: Study of Mn12 single molecule magnets on Si Surface NMR Neutrons µSR ARPES STM LEµSR βNMR Z. Salman et al. Nano Lett. 7 (2007) 1551

Stockpile Stewardship Issues Final yields of isotopes can be used as a diagnostic of the environment Forensics Stewardship and modeling Similar issues occur in the astrophysical s-process Report Opportunities with a Rare-Isotope Facility in the United States (2007) - Board on Physics and Astronomy (BPA)

Workforce in nuclear science http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/upload/Nuclear-Readiness-Report-FINAL-2.pdf “This report draws attention to critical shortages in the U.S. nuclear workforce and to problems in maintaining relevant educational modalities and facilities for training new people. This workforce comprises nuclear engineers, nuclear chemists, radiochemists, health physicists, nuclear physicists, nuclear technicians, and those from related disciplines. As a group they play critical roles in the nation’s nuclear power industry, in its nuclear weapons complex, in its defense against nuclear and other forms of terrorism, and in several aspects of healthcare, industrial processing, and occupational health and safety.”

Summary We have entered the age of designer atoms – new tool for science FRIB (and other facilities) will allow production of a wide range of new designer isotopes Necessary for the next steps in accurate modeling of atomic nuclei Necessary for progress in astronomy (chemical history, mechanisms of stellar explosions) Opportunities for the tests of fundamental symmetries Important component of a future U.S. isotopes program There are significant challenges remaining in modeling and understanding the best production mechanism

Homework We study isotopes with beams. Exotic Radioactive Unstable Unusual Rare