Stellar obliquities in exoplanetary systems

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Presentation transcript:

Stellar obliquities in exoplanetary systems Josh Winn Massachusetts Institute of Technology Simon Albrecht, Roberto Sanchis-Ojeda, Teruyuki Hirano Andrew Howard, John Johnson, Geoff Marcy Bill Cochran, Dan Fabrycky, the Kepler team

obliquity (n.) 1 : deviation from parallelism 2 : a deviation from moral rectitude or sound thinking

Eccentricity Semimajor axis [AU] Jupiter

Disk-planet interactions Eccentricity Low obliquity Disk-planet interactions Semimajor axis [AU]

Disk-planet interactions Few-body dynamics High obliquity Eccentricity Tidal dissipation Low obliquity Disk-planet interactions Semimajor axis [AU]

The Sanchis–Nutzman effect

l = 0°

l = 0°

l = 0°

l = 0°

l = 0°

l = 0°

l = 0° l = 100°

l = 0° l = 100°

l = 0° l = 100°

l = 0° l = 100°

l = 0° l = 100° …

l = 0° l = 100° …

l = 0° l = 100° …

… The starspot-anomaly pattern reveals the stellar obliquity Sanchis-Ojeda et al. (2011 a,b) Nutzman, Fabrycky, & Fortney (2011) …

Corot-2 Nutzman, Fabrycky, & Fortney (2011)

Corot-2 l = 5 ± 12° Observed Calculated (l = 0°) Nutzman, Fabrycky, & Fortney (2011) — see also Désert et al. (2011)

HAT-P-11 Sanchis-Ojeda & Winn (2011)

Time from midtransit [days] Sanchis-Ojeda & Winn (2011)

Sanchis-Ojeda & Winn (2011)

Sanchis-Ojeda & Winn (2011)

Christoph Scheiner (1573-1650)

The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect Flux Time The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect

The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect Doppler shift Time The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect

The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect Doppler shift Time The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect

The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect Doppler shift Time The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect

The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect Doppler shift Time The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect

The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect Doppler shift Time The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect

Measuring the projected obliquity Queloz et al. (2000); Ohta, Taruya, & Suto (2005); Gaudi & Winn (2007)

Low obliquity HD 189733 l = –1.4° ± 1.1° Winn et al. (2006); see also Triaud et al. (2009)

Moderate obliquity XO-3 l = 37.3° ± 3.0° Hirano et al. (2011); see also Hébrard et al. (2008), Winn et al. (2009)

High obliquity (retrograde) Winn et al. (2009) Narita et al. (2009) Triaud et al. (2010)

Valenti & Fischer (2005) Pinsonneault et al. (2001)

(Zahn 1977)

Problem: Orbit decays on same timescale as realignment

Solution: Realign only the convective zone?

Reality

Constant-Q model

Different Q’s for realignment and orbital decay (D. Lai, in preparation)

KOI-63 1.0 M , 1.0 R P = 9.4 days Rp = 6.5 R

Prot = 5.4 days ≈ (4/7) Porb

KOI-63

Current obliquity measurements

Current obliquity measurements Kepler candidates

Current obliquity measurements Kepler candidates Kepler multi-planet candidates

Rossiter-McLaughlin effect Starspot anomalies Rossiter-McLaughlin effect Rotation-rate statistics (Schlaufman 2010) Gravity darkening (Barnes 2010, Szabo et al. 2011) Rotational Doppler boosting (van Kerkwijk et al. 2010) Spin precession TDVs (Damiani & Lanza 2011) Current obliquity measurements Kepler candidates Kepler multi-planet candidates