Katherine Swift Ph.D Student Walden University PUBH Instructor Dr. Raymond Thron Spring, 2009

(Worldbank,2002)

Africa 30 countries Senegal Malawi Latin America Yemen (Worldbank,2002)

(WHO,2009)

Simulium black fly Microfilariae 220 – 360 µm in length (WHO,2009)

The female and male worms entwine Female worm lengths range from 30 to 80 cms Male length ranges from 3 to 5 cm The female will release 1000 microfilariae (WHO,2009)

Skin snips Blood samples Eye examinations (WHO/TDR,2003)

(Who/TDR,2003)

Depigmentation Subcutaneous nodules Lichenified dermatitis Chronic papular dermatitis Lymphadenopathy Atrophy of skin Onchocercomata WHO/TDR,2003)

(Who,2009)

Ivermectin (Mectizan®). WHO/TDR,2003)

Special permission granted from The CarterCenter/Emily Straub Foundation

Wolbachia Species Doxycycline (WHO/TDR,2003)

Global Partnerships to Eliminate Riverblindness

APOC OCP

(WHO/TDR,2003)

Community Distributed Treatment with Ivermectin (COMDT)

(WHO/APOC,2007)

The Carter Center. The global 2000 river blindness. River Blindness News. 1999; 11:1-8 Eezzuduemhoi, D. R., & Wilson, D. (2008). Onchocerciasis. Retrieved April 5, 2009, from eMedicine Ophthalmology Web site: ​ / ​ emedicine.medscape.com/ ​ article/ ​ Kazdins-Helds, J. K., Remme, J. H. F., & Boakye, B. (2003). Focus: Onchocerciasis. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 1(3), doi: / ​ nrmicro779 Sinha, S., Schwartz, R. A., & Kapilia, R. (2006). Onchocerciasis. Retrieved April 5, 2009, from eMedicine Infectious Diseases Web site: ​ / ​ emedicine.medscape.com/ ​ article/ ​

WHO. (2009). Life-cycle of Onchocerca volvulus. Retrieved April 11, 2009, from African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) Web site: ​ / ​ ​ apoc/ ​ onchocerciasis/ ​ lifecycle/ ​ en/ ​ print.html WHO. (2009). Vector elimination. Retrieved March 13, 2009, from African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) Web site: ​ / ​ ​ apoc/ ​ vector/ ​ en WHO. (n.d.). APOC African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control. In Partners Meeting Report (JAF12.10, p. 37). Retrieved April 12, 2009, from ​ entity/ ​ apoc/ ​ publications/ ​ yaounde_report_2006/ ​ en/ ​ index.html WHO/ ​ APOC. (2007). African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control Revitalizing health care delivery in sub-Saharan Africa (first ed., Vol. 1) [Brochure]. Retrieved April 19, 2009, from WHO Web site: ​ / ​ ​ apoc/ ​ publications/ ​ cdti_healthsystems/ ​ en/ ​ index.html

WHO/ ​ TDR. (2003, November 28). TDR Image Library. Retrieved April 12, 2009, from TDR fro research on diseases and poverty Web site: ​ / ​ apps.who.int/ ​ tdr/ ​ publications/ ​ tdr-image-library Worldbank. (2002). Global Partnership to Eliminate River blindness. Retrieved April 11, 2009, from Africa Program for Onchocerciasis Control Web site: ​ / ​ ​ afr/ ​ gper