Chapter 5 Reading 5.10, 5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.15 Important Concepts Energy Definition of energy Forms of energy Chemical reactions ATP, the energy molecule Energy coupling Enzymes

Chapter 6 Reading 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.10, 6.11, 6.12, 6.13, , 26.8 Important Concepts Energy Metabolism: Cellular Respiration Energy flow through the biological world Chemical equation of cellular respiration Oxidation/Reduction reactions Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Electron transport ATP synthesis Fermentation Protein and fat metabolism Metabolism and disease

Chapter 7 Reading 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 7.11 Important Concepts Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis Plant Cells and Chloroplasts Chemical equation of photosynthesis Properties of light and pigments ATP and NADPH synthesis (light reactions) Glucose synthesis (Calvin cycle)

Chapter 8 Reading 8.1, 8.2, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.9, 8.11, 8.12, 8.13, 8.14, 8.15, 8.17, 8.19, 8.20, Important Concepts Cell Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis Mitotic cell divisions and cell number Chromosomes and karyotypes Aneuploid Syndromes Mitotic cell cycle DNA replication M-phase (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

Glycolysis “Splitting of glucose” into two 3-carbon molecules TCA Cycle (Citric acid cycle, Krebs Cycle) Some ATP synthesis Some NADH synthesis (takes up electrons) CO 2 production Some ATP synthesis Some NADH synthesis (takes up electrons) Electron Transport (Oxidative Phosphorylation) NADH gives up electrons O 2 converted to H 2 O Lots of ATP synthesis!!!!! Cellular Respiration

Brown Fat and Heat Generation Brown fat cells

Uncoupling Electron Transport from ATP SynthesisUncoupling Electron Transport from ATP Synthesis Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Regulation of Blood Glucose Hormone: Insulin Insulin is produced in the pancreas Insulin stimulates: Glucose uptake Glycogen synthesis Glycolysis/TCA cycle

Insulin Hormone Made in the pancreas Response to high glucose

Type I Diabetes Autoimmune Disease At risk for: Diabetic ketoacidosis (coma) Kidney failure Failure to produce insulin Circulatory problems

Tumor Development

No O 2 Cancer Cells

PET Scanning for Tumors Lymphoma with brain, chest and spleen involvement Radioactive glucose injection Wait ~ 45 minutes PET scan

Time Mitotic Cell Division

Human Haploid Chromosome Set

Y58 Mbp X 22 1 ChromosomeDNA sizeGene #ChromosomeDNA SizeGene # 155 Mbp Mbp 47 Mbp Mbp Mbp Mbp Mbp Mbp Mbp Mbp Mbp 243 Mbp Mbp 191 Mbp Mbp Mbp 159 Mbp Mbp 140 Mbp Mbp 134 Mbp Mbp Mbp

Human Karyotypes FemaleMale

Homologous Chromosomes PM P = Paternal M = Maternal

Human Haploid Chromosome Set or

X Chromosome 155 Million base pairs (bp) 1606 Genes Muscular Dystrophy (Duchenne) Adrenoleukodystrophy Hemophilia A Hemophilia B Green Color Blindness Red Color Blindness X-linked Traits

X Chromosome FemaleMale

Y Chromosome 58 Million base pairs (bp) 397 Genes

Down Syndrome Karyotype Trisomy 21

Frequency of Aneuploid Syndromes

Amniocentesis Karyotype analysis weeks Fig Pg. 644