Alarm Phase: Catecholamines: epinephrine and norepineprhine Adrenal Gland Sympathetic Neuron epinephrine Releases norepineprhine onto these tissues.

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Presentation transcript:

Alarm Phase: Catecholamines: epinephrine and norepineprhine Adrenal Gland Sympathetic Neuron epinephrine Releases norepineprhine onto these tissues

hypothalamus pituitary adrenal Glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone

Pre-storm (n=3) Storm (n=8) Calm (n=8) Time after capture (min) Corticosterone, ng/ml

Effects of Glucocorticoids Increase circulating glucose Suppress the immune system Suppress reproductive behavior Suppress growth Multiple behavioral effects, dependent on species… – e.g. Induce territory abandonment Increase foraging Reduce parental care Emergency Life History Stage

The stress response alarm and resistance Maximizes glucose in the blood Maximizes glucose and oxygen delivery to critical tissues Shuts down non-critical activities (redirects physiology and behavior) – Digestion – Reproduction – Growth

glucose mobilization Breakdown of protein to make glucose Inhibit immune system Decreased parental care Decrease reproduction Energy depletion Muscle wasting Increase parasite load, can’t fight disease, infection Loss of young Total loss of fitness for the season Acute Responses to StressChronic Stimulation

PESASESAWESAREPH Males Females Magnitude ofCorticosterone Increase, ng/ml Pectoral Sandpiper Semipalmated Sandpiper Red Phalarope F M + F MParental care? :

Time after capture (mintues) CORT (ng/ml) BENIGN BREEDING ENVIRONMENT HARSH BREEDING ENVIRONMENT winter summer summer winter Cactus Wren Black-throated sparrow Abert's Towhee summer winter Inca Dove

Energy and Homeostasis: Definitions Homeostasis: maintenance of basic systems essential for life: pH, glucose, temp, salts, oxygen But: homeostasis must be supported as environmental conditions or life history stage changes……SO: – Basic—maintenance of basic systems – Regulated— homeostasis through life history changes – Facultative— homeostasis under non-ideal conditions or unpredictable changes Stress: when energy required to maintain homeostasis is greater than the energy available (negative energy balance)

Corticosterone and Body Condition fence lizard

EIEI E ENERGY TIME E I = E E = E O = Energy Model EGEG E G =