Galician

 Galician shares its origins and early development with Portuguese, as the language Galician- Portuguese.  25BC Establishment of Roman Empire. Introduction of Latin Language and Roman law. Gallaecia Province.  Latinisation of the Peninsula.  Local communities in eastern and southern provinces quickly adopted Vulgar Latin but the process of acculturation and assimilation took place and a much slower pace in the western and northern provinces. Origins of the Galician Language

 3 rd century AD – collapse of Roman control and invasions of the Germanic tribes of Swabians, who transformed parts of Roman Gallaecia into an independent kingdom.  711 AD – Islamic conquest.  Galicia had a newly found status as an important Christian Pilgrimage which is why it began to experience more than minimal contact with the outside world.  1179 – Pope officially recognised the independent kingdom of Portugal.  Integration into the Kingdom of Castile marked the beginning of the end of Galicia’s cultural and linguistic isolation.

 Events of 14 th century. Civil war between son of Alfonso XI of Castille (Enrique Trastamara) and his half brother, Pedro the Cruel.  Upper echelons of society attempted to establish Castilian as the official language.

 1474: Isabella I became the Crown of Castile  1486: Spanish monarchy initiated the process of centralisation known as “Doma y Castración del Reino de Galicia”.  End of the 15 th century: Galicia was totally integrated into the Crown of Castile.  15 th - 16 th century: Galician clergy evicted. Galician seen as a negative social trait.  16 th -18 th century: “Séculos Escuros”  1700: Monarchy wanted a ‘united Spain’. Castilian imposed.  1713: ‘Real Academia Española’ set up to purify and preserve the Castilian language.  End of the 18 th century: economic development in Galicia.

 : Peninsular War.  1833: Galicia formally lost its condition of kingdom, Spain moved towards the creation of a centralised nation-state.  1857: In education, the ‘Ley Moyano’ forbade the use of any language other than Castilian:  “La Gramática y Ortografía de la Academia Española serán texto obligatorio y único para estas materias en la enseñanza pública”.  Galeguismo  1863: Rosalía de Castro published ‘Os Cantares Gallegos’, the first modern work written entirely in Galician.  1905: Establishment of the Real Academia Galega.

 Partido Galeguista created in 1931  Monolingual Galician in rural areas  State control over mass media and education  Exile activity abroad  Galicia Emigrante magazine Radio show Galician Language and Nationalism under Franco

By the 1950s  Galician used publicly in 1949  Editorial Galixia founded in 1950 by Ramón Piñeiro In the 1960s  Partido Socialista Galego in 1963  Unión do Pobo Galego in 1964  Civil protest poetry- Manuel María’s Terra Cha

By the 70s  More relaxed attitude towards the Galician language.  Historia da literatura galega contemporánea by Caballo Calero  Gramatica elemental del gallego común  Instituto da Lingua Galega (ILG)

ARTIGO 5  A lingua propia de Galicia é o galego.  Os idiomas galego e castelán son oficiais en Galicia e todos teñen o dereito de os coñecer e de os usar.  Os poderes públicos de Galicia garantirán o uso normal e oficial dos dous idiomas e potenciarán o emprego do galego en tódolos planos da vida pública, cultural e informativa, e disporán os medios necesarios para facilita-lo seu coñecemento.  Ninguén poderá ser discriminado por causa da lingua. O Estatuto de Autonomía de Galicia (1981)

 Official language for public administration and public entities in Galicia.  Can also be used in the judicial system  Children can receive their nursery education in either language  Compulsory subject in all schools  University education can be in either Castilian or Galician  Compulsory aspect of teacher training  Promotes dubbing, subtitling and the production of plays, films and literature in Galician.  Makes the Real Academia Gallega responsible for maintenance of the language. Lei de Normalización Lingüística de Galicia (1983)

1989 and 1990 Congresses calling for support from the Xunta in promoting Galician. Galician currently has no recognised status in the Franxa Exterior. In the Franxa Exterior

Language Planning Measures post Franco.

LEI DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA DE GALICIA  "Law of Linguistic Normalization", Ley 3/1983, 15 June 1983)  first time since the introduction of mass education that a generation has attended school in Galician.  Reinforced the sociolinguistic status as well as the role it has to play alongside Castilian, as a viable language of administration.

Ley de Normalización Lingüística :  Concerning linguistic rights in Galicia:  Article 1. Galician is the autochthonous language of Galicia. Everyone has the right to know it and the right to use it.  Article 2. the public authorities of Galicia will guarantee the normal use of Galician or of Castilian, as the official languages of the self-governing region.  Article 3. the public authorities of Galicia will adopt the necessary measurements to ensure that no one is discriminated against because of their language. As far as the right to employ their own language is concerned, citizens will have the recourse to the law courts and tribunals in order to obtain legal protection.

Aims of the law  to re-establish Galician as foremost symbol of ethnic identity at the very least from a socio-political and socio-linguistic perspective.  to reintroduce language to those who had stopped using it, or only used it in very restricted contexts  hoped to create the situation where pupils would be competent in Galician so that within schools the status of Castilian would be limited to that of study.

Laws on education  Article12:1 Galician, as the autochthonous language of Galicia, is also the official language of the education system at all levels.  Article 13 Children have the right to receive their pre- school and primary education in their mother tongue.  Article 14 Made the study of Galician mandatory at all compulsory education levels.

Media and government institutions  Title IV, Article 18: Galician will be the customary language used in radio and television and in other means of public communication liable to administration by or competition from business concerns of the self governing community.  TITLE II regarding legislation relating to language use by governmental institutions in communication with the general public.  Title II Article 6:1 Citizens have the right to demand the use of Galician, both in spoken and written communications with public service authorities within the confines of self governing community.

PLAN XERAL DE NORMALIZACIÓN DA LINGUA GALEGA  Decrees prior: decreto 257/1995 and decreto 66/1997 were precursors to Plan Xeral or PNL. In English, General Plan for the linguistic normalization of the Galician language.  Eg. Article 4. At pre school level and in first years of primary school, teachers will use in class the mother tongue that prevails among the pupils.

Plan Xeral cont.  General objectives of Plano Xeral de Normalizacion Linguistica (PNL) makes attempt to disengage from political deliberations:  To implement series of measure that will provide for a recovery in no. of speakers  Generate more respect for the language  Encourage speakers to use it naturally without restrictions  Should not be used as political tool or for political bias

Plan Xeral cont.  Incorporates many suggestions from council for Galician culture and main objective is to overturn age old inferiority complex. This is to be achieved by: Introducing changes in social behaviour of speakers  eg. Encouraging people to use Galician outside their intragroup environment, in other more influential sectors of society and persuading parents to pass on their spoken Galician to their children.  Suggested pupils in compulsory education should receive at least 50% of their instruction in Galician.

Further areas of promotion  Communications industry.  Public radio station, Radio Gallega introduced in 1980’s.  Regional tv channel, TVG (television galega)  Huge effort to promote literatacy since 1980’s  Galicia drama centre created in 1980’s (centro dramatico galego)  Local authorities and public services.  Lei 5/1988 reinforced stipulations from lei 1983 regarding Galician as official language of use by local government. Oral and written purposes in Xunta offices and debates carried out in G.  Official documents tend to be in both languages.  Lei 1983 says Place names should be in Galician.  PNL adds that business and commerce should be encouraged to promote it in workforce, church, tourism and social services.

Political history of Galicia

Órgano colegiado del gobierno de Galicia. Compuesta por el presidente, vicepresidentes y consejeros. Creada en 1981 con la aprobación del Estatuto de Autonomía. Elección popular de su primer presidente, Gerardo Fernández Albor. XUNTA DE GALICIA

En 1983 se aprueba la Ley autonómica 1/1983, reguladora de la Xunta y de su Presidente. La Junta de Galicia moderna aparece por vez primera en el proyecto de Estatuto de Autonomía de Galicia de Aprobado el Real Decreto-Ley 7/1978 y el Real Decreto 474/1978 se establece la Junta de Galicia como gobierno autonómico gallego.

COMPETENCIAS Organización de sus instituciones de autogobierno y de las comarcas y parroquias como entidades propias de Galicia. Ordenación del territorio y del litoral, urbanismo y vivienda. Actuaciones en relación a las instituciones del derecho civil gallego; normas procesales y procedimientos administrativos que se deriven del específico derecho gallego o de la organización de los poderes públicos. Obras públicas; vías férreas, carreteras y transporte; puertos, aeropuertos y helipuertos. Aprovechamientos forestales, hidráulicos y relativos a la energía eléctrica; aguas minerales y termales; pesca en las rías y aguas interiores; ferias y mercados. Artesanía, patrimonio artístico, bibliotecas, museos, conservatorios de música y servicios de Bellas Artes; fomento de la cultura y de la investigación; promoción de la enseñanza de la lengua gallega, del turismo y del deporte;

Resultados Elecciones Gallegas

Effectiveness of Language Planning Measures

 Spanish Constitution  , Article 5 of the Estatuto de Autonomía de Galicia  3. June 1983 – Lei de Normalización Linguística de Galicia  4. September 2004 – the Plan Xeral de Normalización da Lingua Galega Most important Measures:

First Language

Daily Language Less Bilingualism – More Monolingualism Larger Increase of Castillian speakers, yet there is still a larger number of Galician speakers.

Language Proficiency in Galician

 Administration:  Autonomous administration - under the obligation to promote the widespread use of Galician, not only because of the legislation, but also because the language is the vernacular of the country it governs and it gives prestige with relation to other administrative bodies (  City Halls  “within the central offices of the Xunta, Galician is employed almost exclusively for both oral and written purposes and the majority of politicians and local representatives employ Galician in debates of the regional parliament” (Regional Nationalism in Spain – Beswick)  Public Institutions: o Health o “Access to any public administration post includes tests in the Galician language to guarantee a minimum knowledge” ( Galician Today...

 Mass Media:  Press  Books  Radio  TV  Music  Education Galician Today...

 Alberto Núñez Feijóo  Decree 79/ establishes the language of each subject in primary and secondary education, and allows parents to decide the main language of education within the classroom.  Promoting bilingualism.  Triggered an adverse reaction among Galician civil society. The Current Debate in Education:

 Galician speakers are optimistic about the future of their language  While they almost unanimously believe that bilingualism will continue to prevail in Galicia, over half of them take the view that the use of Galician will increase.  Almost 90% consider Galician to be as useful as Castilian.  Despite all improvements in Administration, Education and Mass Media there was not an increase in the oral use of Galician, but a general rise of Castilian speakers. Future of Galician?

 Beswick, Jaine, Regional nationalism in Spain : language use and ethnic identity in Galicia (Clevedon : Multilingual Matters, 2007)    %20e%20Refer%C3%AAncias%20Portuguesas...%20(Ci%C 3%AAncias%20Sociais,%20Coi.pdf Bibliography