Township and Range System in the U.S. Fig. 1-4: Principal meridians and east-west baselines of the township system. Townships in northwest Mississippi and topographic map of the area.

Layers of a GIS Fig. 1-5: A geographic information system (GIS) stores information about a location in several layers. Each layer represents a different category of information.

Place Names Toponym is the given name of a place Types of Toponyms For a person Religion Landscape/physical features Names can change Cincinnati, OH Truth or Consequence

Site Physical character of a place Climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation Site factors have been essential in selecting locations for settlements Humans can modify the characteristics of a site

Site: Lower Manhattan Island Fig. 1-6: Site of lower Manhattan Island, New York City. There have been many changes to the area over the last 200 years.

Situation The location of a place relative to other places Can help us find unfamiliar places Helps us understand the importance of a location

Situation: Singapore Fig. 1-7: Singapore is situated at a key location for international trade.

Mathematical Location Latitude (N/S) Parallels Equator Longitude (E/W) Meridians Prime Meridian runs through Greenwich, England Which is important in calculating time??

World Geographic Grid Fig. 1-8: The world geographic grid consists of meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude. The prime meridian (0º) passes through Greenwich, England.

World Time Zones Fig. 1-9: The world’s 24 standard time zones are often depicted using the Mercator projection.