HSA 171 CAR

Health care Systems 1436/ 6/30

 The Means by Which Societies Provide Support for Citizens to Maintain Their Good Health 3

 The health care system includes everyone WHO NEEDS health care and everyone WHO DELIVERS health care, which means that everyone is affected by health care. 4

 "A health system consists of all organizations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain health. This includes efforts to influence determinants of health as well as more direct health- improving activities. A health system is therefore more than the pyramid of publicly owned facilities that deliver personal health services. It includes, for example, a mother caring for a sick child at home; private providers; behavior change programmers; vector-control campaigns; health insurance organizations; occupational health and safety legislation. It includes inter-sectoral action by health staff, for example, encouraging the ministry of education to promote female education, a well known determinant of better health." 5

The World Health Organization (WHO) Health System Performance Framework defines the goals of health systems as:  Improving the health of the population they serve.  Responsiveness, i.e., responding to people's legitimate expectations  Fair financing, i.e., providing financial protection against the costs of ill-health. 6

Effectiveness - Quality Improving population health Social. Acceptability – Responsiveness Responding to peoples’ expectations (“needs” and “wants”). Cost Fair financing of health care and, Providing financial protection against costs of ill- health. 7

goals  Health system performance or efficiency can be examined in terms of the extent to which these goals are attained, given the resources available to the system.  Responsiveness  Responsiveness is defined as a measure of how well the health system responds to the legitimate expectations of the population (e.g. on waiting times, quality of care).  Fair financing  Fair financing suggests every member of society should pay the same share of their disposable income to cover their health costs. 8

 A health care organization is defined as: ◦ An association or prescribed person that receives funding from a regional health authority to provide health services.  Health care organizations include: ◦ non-profit organizations. ◦ for-profit organizations. 9

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 Health care providers are institutions or individuals providing health care services. health professionals  Individuals including health professionals and allied health professions can be self-employed or working as an employee in a hospital, clinic, or other health care institution, whether government operated, private for-profit, or private not-for- profit (e.g. non-governmental organization).allied health professionshospitalclinic 11

 They may also work outside of direct patient care such as in a government health department or other agency, medical laboratory, or health training institution.health departmentmedical laboratory  Examples of health workers are doctors, nurses, midwives, dietitians, paramedics, dentists, medical laboratory technologists, therapists, psychologists, pharmacists,health workersdoctorsnursesmidwivesdietitiansparamedics, dentistsmedical laboratory technologiststherapistspsychologistspharmacists  chiropractors, optometrists, community health workers, traditional medicine practitioners, and others.chiropractorsoptometristscommunity health workers 12

1. Health Insurance  Generally used to describe a form of insurance that pays for medical expenses.  Provided through a social insurance program, or from private insurance companies.  Obtained on a group basis (e.g., by a firm to cover its employees) or purchased by individual consumers. 13

2. Out of Pocket payment  Direct outlay of cash which may or may not be later reimburse.  To be out of pocket is to have expended personal resources, often unexpectedly or unfairly, at the end of some enterprise.  Represents the share of the expenses that the patient or the family pay directly to the health care provider, without a third-party (insurer, or state). 14

3. Donation  Is a gift given by physical or legal persons, typically for charitable purposes and/or to benefit a cause. Donation Forms:  Cash.  Services.  New or used goods including toys, food and clothing  Consist of emergency, relief items, development aid support.  Relate to medical care needs as i.e. blood and organ. Charitable gifts of goods or services are also called GIFT IN KIND 15

 accountable to the owners of the facilities. At the same time, these boards are accountable to the Minister of Health and to the regional health authority in which they operate for the programs and services they provide. 16

 can be classified as a national healthcare system in which the government provides health care services through a number of government agencies. In the meantime, there is a growing role and increased participation from the private sector in the provision of health care services. 17