McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Colonialism and Development Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity 11 th Edition Conrad Phillip Kottak

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 Colonialism and Development Colonialism Development The Second World Development Anthropology Strategies for Innovation

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3 Colonialism Colonialism—political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time Imperialism—policy of extending the rule of a nation or empire over other nations

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4 Colonialism European colonialism had two broad phases –1492 to 1852 –1850 to just after end of World War II Second period more imperialistic

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5 Colonialism –British empire covered a fifth of world’s land surface and ruled a fourth of its population Driven by need for economic expansion Peaked about 1914 British Colonialism

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6 Colonialism British Colonialism –First phase of British colonialism concentrated in the New World, West Africa, and India Came to a close with the American Revolution

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 7 Colonialism British Colonialism –During the second period of colonialism, Britain eventually controlled most of India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and large portions of eastern and southern Africa

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 8 Colonialism British Colonialism –British colonial efforts justified by what Kipling called “white man’s burden” Asserted native peoples not capable of governing themselves Native peoples needed the white British colonialist to provide and maintain order After World War II, British Empire began to fall apart

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 9 Colonialism Map of the British Empire in 1914 –Insert Figure 24.1

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10 Colonialism –French colonialism driven by state, church, and military, rather than by business interests French Colonialism

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11 Colonialism First phase, starting in early 1600’s, focused in Canada, the Louisiana Territory, the Caribbean, and West Africa Second phase (1870 to World War II) included most of North Africa and Indochina French Colonialism –Like Great Britain, French Colonialism had two phases

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 12 Colonialism French Colonialism –Ideological legitimization for French colonialism was mission civilisatrice (similar to “white man’s burden”) Spread French culture, language, and religion throughout the colonies

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13 Colonialism Indirect rule—practice of governing through native political structures and leaders Direct rule—practice of imposing new governments upon native populations French Colonialism –French used two forms of colonial rule

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 14 Colonialism Map of the French Empire at Its Height around 1914 –Insert Figure 24.2

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 15 Colonialism Colonialism and Identity –Whole countries, along with social groups and divisions within them, were colonial inventions For example, many modern political boundaries in West Africa based on linguistic, political, and economic contrasts that are the result of European colonial policies

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 16 Colonialism Small West African Nations Created by Colonialism –Insert Figure 24.3

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 17 Colonialism Postcolonial Studies –Postcolonial—study of interactions between European nations and the societies they colonized Term also used to signify a position against imperialism and Eurocentrism

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 18 Colonialism –Settler countries large numbers of European colonists and sparser native populations –Nonsettler postcolonies characterized by large native populations and only a small number of Europeans –Mixed postcolonies have sizable native and European populations Postcolonies can be divided into settler, nonsettler, and mixed

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 19 Development British Empire — white man’s burden French Empire — mission civilisatrice Economic development plans — industrialization, modernization, westernization, and individualism are desirable evolutionary advances that will bring long-term benefits to natives Intervention philosophy—ideological justification for outsiders to guide local peoples in specific directions

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 20 Development –New form of old economic liberalism laid out in Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations Free trade best way for nation’s economy to develop No restrictions on manufacturing No barriers to commerce No tariffs Neoliberalism

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 21 Development –Neoliberalism places more emphasis on “individual responsibility” than on “common good” In exchange for loans, governments of Postsocialist and developing nations required to accept neoliberal premise that deregulation leads to economic growth Neoliberalism –Neoliberalism is revival of economic liberalism after the fall of Communism

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 22 The Second World –Includes former Soviet Union and the socialist and once socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia Second World refers to Warsaw Pact nations

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 23 The Second World –Two meanings of communism Small-c communism—social system in which property is owned by the community and in which people work for the common good. Large C-Communism—political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and establish form of communism such as that which prevailed in the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1991 Communism

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 24 The Second World –All Communist systems were authoritarian Communism –By the year 2000, only 5 Communist states left, compared with 23 in 1985

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 25 The Second World Communist party monopolized power Relations with party highly centralized and strictly disciplined Nations had state owners of the means of production Regimes cultivated a sense of belonging to an international movement Communism –Many were totalitarian and demanded total submission of individual to state

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 26 The Second World –Common problems of transition: Rise of nationalism in form of ethnic-religious minorities Corruptions Unemployment and poverty Difficulties establishing new values, social relations, and groups States that once had planned economies now following neoliberal agenda

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 27 The Second World –Neoliberal economists assumed dismantling Soviet Union’s planned economy would raise GDP and living standards Postsocialist Transitions

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 28 The Second World Since fall of Soviet empire in Tajikistan, Islam replacing socialist ideology Yugoslavia breakup more violent and created a series of secessions Postsocialist Transitions –Postsocialist Russia has faced many problems

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 29 The Second World Postsocialist Transitions Corruption—abuse of public office for private gain—common problem in postsocialist countries –Alexei Yurcahak describes official-public and personal-public spheres within contemporary Russian state What is legal (official-public) and what is considered morally correct don’t necessarily correspond

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 30 The Second World Postsocialist Transitions –Postsocialist and developing nations include promotion of civil society— voluntary collective action around shared interests, goals, and values

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 31 The Second World Former Soviet Socialist Republics of Central Asia, including Tajikistan –Figure 24.4

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 32 Development Anthropology –Development anthropologists do not just carry out development policies plan by others; they also plan and guide policy Branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, economic development

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 33 Development Anthropology Local-level research often reveals inadequacies in the measures that economists use to assess development and a nation’s economic health

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 34 Development Anthropology –Green revolution has increased food supplies and reduced food prices The Greening of Java

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 35 Development Anthropology The Greening of Java –Emphasis on front capital and advanced technological and chemical farming allowed bureaucratic and economic elites of Java to strengthen their position at expense of poorer farmers Ann Stoler’s analysis of the green revolution’s impact on Java suggested that it differentially affected such things as gender stratification, depending on class

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 36 Development Anthropology Commonly stated goal of development projects is increased equity, which means reduction in poverty and more even distribution of wealth Goal frequently thwarted by local elites acting to preserve or enhance their positions The Greening of Java –Equity

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 37 Development Anthropology Location of Java (yellow) in Indonesia (orange) –Insert Figure 24.5

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 38 Strategies for Innovation Kottak found culturally compatible economic development projects twice as successful financially as incompatible development projects

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 39 Strategies for Innovation –Be culturally compatible –Respond to locally perceived needs’ –Involve men and women in planning and carrying out changes that affect them –Harness traditional organizations –Be flexible To maximize social and economic benefits, projects must:

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 40 Strategies for Innovation –Development projects that require too much change Projects that failed were usually economically and culturally incompatible Project problems have arisen from inadequate attention to, and consequent lack of, fit with local culture Overinnovation

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 41 Strategies for Innovation –Tendency to view “less-developed countries” as more alike than they are Many development projects incorrectly assume that nuclear family is basic unit of production and land ownership Many development projects also incorrectly assume cooperatives based on models from former Eastern bloc will be readily incorporated by rural communities Underdifferentiation

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 42 Strategies for Innovation –Best models for economic development found in target communities Realistic development promotes change, not overinnovation, by preserving local systems while making them work better Third World Models