Topic 1.2.4 The Muscular System

Lesson 1 - Objectives Understand the main function of the muscular system. Learn about the main muscles in the human body and the movement they cause. Grade your Learning C – Understand the different types of movements. B – Know which muscles are responsible for each movement. A – Can link the above to sporting actions and explain which muscles are being used and the type of movement they are creating.

The Muscular System What is the function of the muscular system? The muscular system allows us to move around and get on with our everyday lives. Task Using the text book in front of you fill in the boxes on pages 3 + 4 in you booklet. Make sure you write the name of the muscle correctly as well as the movement it allows.

Types of muscular contractions Isotonic Contractions These contractions occur when there is movement of the body. The ends of the muscles move closer together to cause the movement. Isometric Contractions This type of contraction takes place when the body is being held in the same position. The length of the muscle during these contractions stays the same length.

Types of movements Flexion This is when the angle at a joint is reduced. Extension This is when the angle at a joint increases. Adduction This is when the movement brings parts of the body back towards the centre. Abduction This is when parts of the body move away from the centre.

task Answer the questions next to each picture of pages 6 and 7. Name the type of contraction: Isotonic Isometric Name the movement seen and the muscle that causes it: Flexion Extension Adduction Abduction

homework Complete the past exam questions on page 8.

Lesson 2 - Objectives Understand how muscles work. Learn about antagonistic pairs and understand how these allow us to move. Grade your Learning C – Understand how antagonistic pairs work. B – Know which muscles are responsible for each movement. A – Can link the above to sporting actions and explain which muscles are being used and the type of movement they are creating.

STARTER Re-cap from last week: Answer the questions regarding kicking a football on page 9 of your booklet.

ANTAGONISTIC HOW do muscles work? Muscles can only PULL they cannot push. This means that they must work in pairs to allow parts of the body to move back and forth. THESE PAIRS ARE CALLED ANTAGONISTIC

Antagonistic pairs A muscle must work in partnership with another muscle to allow movement to occur. The muscle that causes the movement (the pulling muscle) is called the AGONIST or PRIME MOVER. When this muscle pulls in becomes shorter. During this time the other muscle within this partnership is relaxing. This muscle is called the ANTAGONIST and is lengthening while it relaxes. EXAMPLE: When we flex our elbow the bicep is the agonist and the tricep is the antagonist. However these roles are reversed when the elbow straightens with the tricep becoming the agonist and the bicep becoming the antagonist.

Antagonistic pairs Give 3 examples of antagonistic pairs in the table of page 10: BICEPS TRICEPS HAMSTRINGS QUADRICEPS DELTOID TRAPEZIUS

Muscles in relation to bone Muscles are attached to bone by TENDONS. The tendons at the point of movement are called the INSERTION and the ones at the point that does not move are called the ORIGIN. TASK On page 11 are two diagrams. Label both diagrams showing the agonist, antagonist, insertion and origin.

Agonist Origin Antagonist Insertion Insertion Antagonist Agonist Origin

Extended writing questions Answer the questions on pages 12 + 13 explaining the movements. You must: Explain the muscles being used in each process (e.g. lifting weight and lowering weight). The type of movement at the elbows (lifting weight) and knees (set shot). Identify the agonist and antagonist. Identify the origin and insertion points.

Homework Complete the PAST EXAM question on page 14 of your booklet.

Lesson 3 - Objectives Understand the three different classifications of muscles. Learn about the importance of good posture. Understand the different between slow and fast twitch fibres. Understand about drugs that can effect an athletes muscular system. Grade your Learning C – Understand the three different types of muscle within the human body.. B – Understand fast and slow twitch fibres and can link these to specific sports. A – Can link your knowledge of drugs used within sport to explain how these effect the muscular system.

Classification of muscles There are three types of muscles within the human body. They are: Voluntary Involuntary Cardiac

Voluntary muscles These are also known as skeletal muscles and are the most common muscle type within our bodies. We can consciously control these muscles and dictate their movement. These muscles are controlled by our brain and messages are sent to them via our nervous system.

Involuntary muscles These are also known as smooth muscles and are not controlled. These muscles work automatically without us thinking about it. Can you think of examples of where this type of muscle can be found within the human body? Stomach Intestines Blood Vessels

Cardiac muscle This type of muscle is also involuntary. It is only found in the heart and it never rests during a persons lifetime.

Good posture GOOD POSTURE allows the following things to occur within the body: When breathing there is more room for the lungs to expand and operate. Allows the heart more space to function properly. Allows the digestive system space to work well and do its job. Helps a person bone alignment. This reduces strain placed on bones, tendons and ligaments so by preventing injury. There is more energy available for exercise as the muscles do not need to work as hard to keep the body stable. Increases a persons self esteem and makes them look impressive to others.

Fast and slow twitch muscle fibres Fast Twitch These are used in events that require short bursts of energy. They are used in sports that require more explosive actions. These type of fibres contract fast and produce powerful actions. However these types of fibres tire very quickly. WHAT TYPE OF EXERCISE WOULD THESE FIBRES BE USED IN?

Fast and slow twitch muscle fibres These are used in events that are slow and prolonged. They are used in sports that require more endurance. These type of fibres contract over and over again and stay efficient for long periods of time. These fibres have much better oxygen supplies which allows them to keep going. WHAT TYPE OF EXERCISE WOULD THESE FIBRES BE USED IN? Complete the task at the bottom of page 17 in your booklet?

task Complete the PAST EXAM question on page 18 of your booklet.

Effects of lifestyle on the muscular system Using the textbooks (pages 189 – 190) make notes on the following headings on page 19: Diet Blood Doping Anabolic Steroids Narcotic Analgesics Peptide Hormones

homework Using the information you have just gathered on performance enhancing drugs, answer the extended writing question on page 20 of your booklets. Guidance Make sure your answer is specific to the question. Link each drug to how it would effect an athlete in the Tour de France.

Lesson 4 - objectives Understand the short and long term effects exercise has on our muscles. Learn about three types of injuries that you would associate with muscles. Grade your Learning C – Understand how the muscles are effected by exercise. B – Know and understand 3 injuries associated with muscles and how you would treat them. A – Can link the effects of exercise on the muscular system to other systems within the body.

starter Complete page 21 in your booklet

Immediate effects of exercise Muscles start to work harder. Due to this there is an increases in energy demands by the muscles so more oxygen and glucose are required if they are to continue contracting effectively. The working muscles produce heat. This means that the body starts to warm up and eventually we begin to sweat. Eventually the muscles start to tire and ache. This is normally due to a lack of oxygen or glucose getting to the muscles. During anaerobic activities lactic acid builds up in the muscles causing pain and cramp.

How does the circulatory system help? The circulatory system helps the muscular system massively during exercise. It does this by making the heart beat quicker and shunting blood to the muscles. HOW DOES THIS HELP THEN?

Long term effects of exercise Muscular Strength Muscular Hypertrophy – increase in muscle size. As you exercise your muscles become bigger and stronger allowing you to do more powerful actions. Weight training is a common way to increase muscle size and strength (high weight – low reps). When athletes get injured however they will lose muscle size, this is called atrophy.

Long term effects of exercise Muscular Endurance As you exercise more you muscles will develop better endurance and will be able to with stand prolonged exercise better. Muscles develop more capillaries around them so that more oxygen can be delivered and used. Running, cycling and swimming (Continuous / fartlek) can help develop muscular endurance as well as circuit and weight training (low weight / high reps). If an athlete is injured they will lose their endurance (reversibility) as they are not using the muscles.

Task Using the text books complete pages 23and 24 in your booklets on STRAINS, SPRAINS and TENNIS ELBOW. Once you have finished the above task complete page 25. For this you need to identify the type of injury and explain how you know this.

R.I.C.E REST – stop participation in the activity and try and take pressure of the injured area. ICE – place ice on the injured area to stop the swelling and help the pain. COMPRESS – put a bandage around the injured area for support it. ELEVATE – lift the injured part to restrict the blood flow to the area and reduce the swelling.

Homework Extended Writing Question Explain how the circulatory and muscular systems work together to help an athlete during exercise? NOTE: Make sure you explain each point you make in relation to helping the athlete.