©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved. Jon Witt Alana Hermiston SOC ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson. All rights reserved. 2nd Canadian Edition ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved. Socialization 4 ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives 1. Learn about the role of socialization in the development of the self. 2. Examine the influence of environment on social development. 3. Distinguish between sociological and psychological understandings of the self. 4. Identify and explain the agents of socialization. 5. Gain an understanding of how socialization occurs throughout the life course. ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Role of Socialization LO-1 The Role of Socialization Socialization Is the lifelong process whereby we learn: attitudes values appropriate behaviours for members of a particular culture heredity (nature) environment (nurture) The Role of Socialization While most social scientists acknowledge the significance of the interaction between heredity (nature) and environment (nurture), most sociologists tend to come down more strongly on the side of nurture. We internalize the culture that has been constructed by others who came before us through socialization—the lifelong process through which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviours appropriate for members of a particular culture. ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Role of Socialization LO-2 The Role of Socialization Heredity and environment interact and influence the socialization process. Extreme Childhood Isolation Cases of Isabelle and Genie demonstrate the importance of earliest socialization experiences for children Primate Studies Harlow showed isolation had damaging effect on monkeys Social Environment: The Impact of Isolation We can appreciate how heredity and environment interact and influence the socialization process by examining situations in which one factor operates almost entirely without the other. The need for human interaction is evident in actual case studies.   Extreme Childhood Isolation Isabelle and Genie demonstrate that children who have been isolated or severely neglected have a difficult time recovering from the loss of early childhood isolation. Primate Studies Harry Harlow tested rhesus monkeys for the effects of isolation and concluded that isolation had a damaging effect on the monkeys. ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Role of Socialization LO-2 The Role of Socialization Results from identical twin studies indicate that: Both genetic factors and socialization experiences are influential in human development The nature–nurture debate will continue The Influence of Heredity Twins studies reveal that both genetic factors and socialization experiences are influential in human development. Example: Oskar Stohr and Jack Yufe. Results from twin studies suggest that the nature–nurture debate is likely to continue. ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Role of Socialization LO-3 The Role of Socialization Sociological Approaches to the Self Self distinct identity that sets us apart from others   The Self and Socialization The self is a distinct identity that sets each of us apart from others. It is not a static phenomenon but continues to develop and change throughout our lives. ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved. LO-3 The Role of Socialization Cooley: The Looking-Glass Self We learn who we are by interacting with others The self is the product of our social interactions with other people Process of self-identity has three phases: Imagining how others see us Imagining how others evaluate us Defining our self as a result of these impressions Cooley: The Looking-Glass Self The self is a product of social interactions with others. Three phases: (1) we imagine how we present ourselves to others; (2) we imagine how others evaluate us; and (3) we define our self as a result of these impressions. Example: a student’s reaction to a teacher’s criticism. ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Role of Socialization LO-3 The Role of Socialization Mead: Stages of the Self Core Components of Self The I (acting self that acts) The Me (socialized self that plans actions and judges performances) Significant others individuals who are most important in the development of the self Mead: Stages of the Self Argued that there are two core components of the self: the I (our acting self), and the Me (our socialized self that plans actions and judges performances based on the standards we have learned from others). The I is our acting self. It is the part of the self that walks, reads, sings, smiles, speaks, or performs any other action we might undertake. The Me is our socialized self which plans the action an then judges our performance afterward. Instrumental to Mead’s view are significant others (individuals most important in development of the self).   ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Role of Socialization LO-3 The Role of Socialization Mead: Stages of the Self Three-stage process of self-development: Preparatory stage children imitate people around them Play stage children pretend to be other people Game stage children grasp their own social positions and those of others around them A three-stage process of self-development: The Preparatory Stage Children begin to understand the use of symbols—the gestures, objects, and words that form the basis of human communication.   The Play Stage Children pretend to be other people, like an actor “becoming” a character. Role taking is the process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint. The Game Stage Children begin to consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously. ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Role of Socialization LO-3 The Role of Socialization Mead: Stages of the Self Generalized other attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behaviour. Example: children learning manners. ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Role of Socialization LO-3 The Role of Socialization Goffman: Presentation of the Self Dramaturgical approach studies interaction Impression management altering presentation of self Face-work: efforts people make to maintain a proper image and avoid public embarrassment Goffman: Presentation of the Self Offered the dramaturgical approach, which studies interaction as if we are all actors on a stage. Impression management involves an individual altering his or her presentation of the self to create a distinctive appearance and to satisfy particular audiences. Face-work involves people trying to maintain a proper image to avoid public embarrassment. Example: feigning employment to avoid embarrassment. ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Role of Socialization LO-3 The Role of Socialization Psychological Approaches to the Self Sigmund Freud Self is a social product and aspects of one’s personality are influenced by other people (especially one’s parents) Natural instincts are at odds with societal constraints Psychological Approaches to the Self Freud stressed the role of inborn drives. Self has components that work in opposition to each other. Part of us seeks limitless pleasure, while another part seeks rational behaviour. ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Role of Socialization LO-3 The Role of Socialization Jean Piaget: Cognitive Theory of Development Four stages in development of children’s thought processes Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational Social interaction is the key to development Piaget underscored the importance of social interactions in developing a sense of self. In his cognitive theory of development, Piaget identified four stages in the development of children’s thought processes: (1) sensorimotor stage (child uses senses to make discoveries) (2) preoperational stage (child begins to use words and symbols) (3) concrete operational stage (child engages in more logical thinking) (4) formal operational stage (adolescent is capable of sophisticated abstract thought, and can deal with ideas and values in a logical manner) According to Piaget, social interaction is the key to development.   ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

Agents of Socialization LO-4 Agents of Socialization Family the most important agent of socialization especially for children Cultural Influences Family structures reproduce themselves through socialization The Impact of Race and Gender Gender roles: expectations regarding proper behaviour, attitudes, and activities of males and females Agents of Socialization  Family Parents minister to the baby’s needs by feeding, cleansing, carrying, and comforting. The lifelong process of learning begins shortly after birth.   Cultural Influences Children learn expectations regarding marriage and parenthood in the context of families. The Impact of Race and Gender Families, the mass media, and religious and educational institutions impact a child’s socialization. ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

Agents of Socialization LO-4 Agents of Socialization Schools Teach basic skills and shared cultural knowledge Have mandate to socialize children to societal norms and values Peer Groups As children grow older, peer groups increasingly assume the role of Mead’s significant others Popularity reinforces gender stereotypes School Schools teach us the taken-for-granted knowledge of the broader society – not only basic skills such as reading, writing, arithmetic, but also shared cultural knowledge such as the national anthem, our first Prime Minister, and principles of good character. Provide both social order and individual opportunity, but can also reinforce existing inequality. The hidden curriculum goes beyond the official curriculum to include the moral informal lessons we learn on the playground. Peer Groups As a child grows older, family becomes somewhat less important in social development, while peer groups increasingly assume the role of Mead’s significant others. Within the peer group, young people associate with others who are approximately their own age and who often enjoy a similar social status. Sociologists have found that popularity reinforces gender stereotypes. ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

Agents of Socialization LO-4 Agents of Socialization Mass Media and Technology Television New technologies Internet Cell phones Access to media can increase social cohesion Mass Media and Technology Television can introduce young people to unfamiliar lifestyles and cultures. New technologies (Internet, cell phones) are changing how we interact with family, friends, and strangers. Access to media can increase social cohesion. But new technologies can also lead to narrowcasting, in which we interact with people who are most like oursleves. Class discussion: Who has a Facebook account? Why? How does it influence your life?   ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

Agents of Socialization LO-4 Agents of Socialization The Workplace Learning to behave appropriately within an occupation is a fundamental aspect of human socialization Religion and the State Government and organized religion have assumed more of a care-giving role, previously performed by families The Workplace Adolescents generally seek jobs to earn spending money. Workplace socialization changes when a person shifts to full-time employment.   Religion and the State State-run agencies are increasingly influential in life course. ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved. LO-4 Discussion: What role does Child Care play in the socialization of children? How do the social skills of six year old children who stay home, differ from those who attend child care? Should Canada have government-subsidized, universal child care? ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

Socialization Throughout the Life Course LO-5 Socialization Throughout the Life Course Rites of passage rituals marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another Socialization Throughout the Life Course Rites of passage are symbolic representations of significant transitions that serve as a means of dramatizing and validating changes in a person’s status. Discussion What rites of passage do we pass through in Canada?   ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

Socialization Throughout the Life Course LO-5 Socialization Throughout the Life Course Life Course Approach A research orientation in which sociologists and other scientists look closely at the social factors that influence people throughout their lives, from birth to death. The Life Course Socialization continues through the life cycle. Sociologists who take a life course approach look closely at the social factors, including gender and income, that influence people throughout their lives, from birth to death. They recognize that biological changes help shape but do not dictate human behaviour. ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

Socialization Throughout the Life Course LO-5 Socialization Throughout the Life Course Anticipatory socialization the processes of socialization in which a person “rehearses” for future positions, occupations, and social relationships Resocialization process of discarding old behaviour patterns and accepting new ones as part of a life transition Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization An example of Anticipatory socialization : high school students preparing for further education by looking at college or university websites. An examples of Resocialization are: prisons, political indoctrination camps, and religious conversions.   ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

Socialization Throughout the Life Course LO-5 Socialization Throughout the Life Course Total institution an institution that regulates all aspects of a person’s life under a single authority Degradation ceremony An aspect of the socialization process within some total institutions, in which people are subjected to humiliating rituals. Examples of total institution are: prisons, mental hospitals, summer camps, boarding schools and military organizations. Goffman identified four common traits of total institutions. Individuality is often lost in total institutions, often through the humiliations of degradation ceremonies. ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

Socialization Throughout the Life Course LO-5 Socialization Throughout the Life Course Midlife crisis A stressful period of self-evaluation that begins at about age 40 Sandwich generation The generation of adults who simultaneously try to meet the competing needs of their parents and their children Role Transitions During the Life Course Men and women often experience a midlife crisis, in which they realize that they have not achieved basic goals and ambitions. Caring for aging parents falls disproportionately on women. Overall, women provide 60 percent of the care their parents receive. Increasingly, middle-aged women find themselves on “the daughter track.” ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

Socialization Throughout the Life Course LO-5 Socialization Throughout the Life Course Rite of Passage: Retirement Marks a critical transition from one phase of a person’s life to another  Adjusting to Retirement Recent research has revealed that Canadians in their late 40s and early 50s are pushing back their retirement plans, anticipating staying in the workforce longer than they initially expected. Discussion: What are those reasons? What is the impact for you as new grads? Gerontologist Robert Atchley identified phases of retirement experiences: preretirement, the near phase, the honeymoon phase, the disenchantment phase, the reorientation phase, the stability phase, and the termination phase. Retirement is a series of adjustments that varies from one person to another. Experience of retirement varies according to gender, race, and ethnicity. Small group discussion: Who in your family is retired? At what age did they retire? What are they currently doing? Record on board: poll group to see range of age of retirement. Regroup: small group discussion: how does gender, SES, race and ethnicity influence retirement? ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved. LO-5 Discussion: Reflect on the differences between the average effective age of retirement vs. the official age. Discuss the reasons for the global differences ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.