Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 19 Topic: 9.4 Genetic Engineering Essential Question: Why is the offspring of asexual reproduction a clone? 9.4 Cloning 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Why is the offspring of asexual reproduction a clone? KEY CONCEPT DNA sequences of organisms can be changed.

Click and Clone Questions Please copy down the questions on p.18. Leave room for the answers. Click and Clone Questions What two types of cells do you need in order to create a clone? How many organisms does it take to make a clone? Which two mice will be genetically identical? Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic donor?

KEY CONCEPT DNA sequences of organisms can be changed. CC= Copy Cat or Carbon Copy

Entire organisms can be cloned. A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism. Born Dec 22, 2001 after 86 unsuccessful tries CC- The first cloned cat

Cloning occurs in nature: bacteria (binary fission- makes a copy of itself) some simple animals and plants (budding, regeneration) Identical twins

Planaria- “Regeneration” Planaria can be cut into pieces, and each piece can regenerate into a complete organism. Cells at the location of the wound site regenerate the missing parts It's this feature that gave them the famous designation of being "immortal under the edge of a knife."   Very small pieces of the planarian, estimated to be as little as 1/279th of the organism it is cut from, can regenerate back into a complete organism over the course of a few weeks.

Mammals can be cloned through a process called nuclear transfer. TRANSFERRING of a NUCLEUS

1. Nucleus is removed from the egg cell of a donor female

2. nucleus of a somatic (body) cell from the animal to be cloned is implanted in the donor egg Skin cell

3. Electricity or special chemicals are used to stimulate the egg to begin division leading to the development of an embryo * NO SPERM in cloning

4. The embryo (blastocyst) is then implanted into a surrogate mother

5. (Human) Clone will then take 10 months (40 weeks) to gestate

6. Clone will be born

Draw this picture on the bottom of p. 18 Donor DNA for clone Donor

Clone Mimi the Mouse http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/clickandclone/

Answer your “Click and Clone” Questions What two types of cells do you need in order to create a clone? How many organisms does it take to make a clone? Which two mice will be genetically identical? Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic donor?

Click and Clone Questions What two types of cells do you need in order to create a clone? Somatic cell and egg cell 2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone? 3: Somatic cell donor (who we are cloning), egg donor, and surrogate mother (who carries the baby) 3. Which two mice will be genetically identical? The somatic cell donor and the clone 4. Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic donor? No. The behavior may be very different from the original.

Review

Dolly and her lamb Bonny MEET DOLLY In 1996 Dolly became the first mammal to be cloned using an adult somatic (body) cell. She was born on the 277th try. Dolly and her lamb Bonny Did you know? She was derived from a mammary gland She was named after Dolly Parton

Issues with Dolly She developed and grew normally, but she had health problems Did not live as long as typical sheep

Known animals to have been cloned as of 2012: Carp (fish) Cat Pig Cattle Pyrenean ibex (type of goat) Deer *first extinct animal to be cloned- only lived 7 mins Dog Ferret Rabbit Frog (tadpole) Rat Fruit Flies Rhesus Monkey Gaur (wild cattle) Sheep Goat Water Buffalo Horse Wolf Mice Mouflon (wild sheep) Mule

Benefits Maybe use organs from cloned mammals for transplant into humans saving millions of lives save endangered species by increasing population #s Concerns low success rate (approx. 1-3 % are successful) clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original animal decreased biodiversity because the clones would be genetically identical to other organisms in the community

Pet owners expecting to clone an exact copy of their furry friend will be disappointed… *CC does not have the health issues normally associated with other clones. May not look, act, or behave like the original. Likely to have health issues, and a shorter life span.

I Cloned My Dead Dog (6m30s)

Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 21 Topic: 9.4 Genetic Engineering Essential Question: Why do so many people oppose both reproductive and therapeutic cloning? 9.4 Types of Cloning 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Why do so many people oppose both reproductive and therapeutic cloning?

Ethics Involved in Cloning Ethics: the branch of knowledge that deals with moral principles What are some ethical principles that we must consider when cloning?

Therapeutic vs. Reproductive Cloning Reproductive cloning: involves creating an animal that is genetically identical to a donor animal through somatic cell nuclear transfer. (In reproductive cloning, the newly created embryo is placed back into the uterine environment where it can implant and develop) Dolly the sheep is perhaps the most well known example.

Therapeutic vs. Reproductive Cloning Therapeutic cloning: an embryo is created in a similar way, but the resulting "cloned" cells remain in a dish in the lab; they are not implanted into a female's uterus Sole purpose: To create stem cells with the same DNA as the donor cell Used to understand disease/developing new treatments ***Embryo will be destroyed

Therapeutic vs. Reproductive Cloning

Cloning in movies and books The Island (2005) People on the island are told what to eat, wear, and how to act. They are clones. Held prisoner to be used for spare parts or as surrogates The Boys from Brazil After WWII, Nazis create 94 Hitler clones in hopes that one will grow up to be like the original Hitler and create a fourth Reich

The Eyes of Nye: Cloning (25 mins) Please answer the questions as the video plays You will be writing an essay about EITHER Genetically engineering humans Pros/Cons OR The ethics behind cloning humans

Table Talk- Eyes of Nye: Cloning Benefits of cloning: Full organisms or only genes? Real life examples? Possibilities for medical treatments? PROBLEMS with cloning: Success rate? Health of clones? Religious or personal beliefs? Ethical questions? ********Be ready to share out with the class********

National Human Genome Research Institute Article HOMEWORK: National Human Genome Research Institute Article Please read/highlight the NHGRI article on cloning This information will help you prepare to write your Cloning/Genetic Engineering Essay that you will be assigned on Friday

The Clone Age Questions (50 mins) 1. What types of cloning occur naturally in nature? What are a few of the concerns with cloning? Please write a paragraph explaining the pros and cons of human cloning in your opinion.

The Clone Age When watching the video, please consider the advantages and disadvantages of cloning humans. Religion Medical advances Ethics Health of human clones

1. What types of cloning occur naturally in nature? The Clone Age Answers 1. What types of cloning occur naturally in nature? bacteria (binary fission- makes a copy of itself) some simple animals and plants (budding, regeneration) Identical twins 2. What are a few of the concerns with cloning? low success rate (approx. 1-3 % are successful) clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original animal decreased biodiversity

GET OUT YOUR “EYES OF NYE” QUESTIONS Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 23 Topic: 9.4 Genetic Engineering Essential Question: Explain how recombinant DNA is used to make transgenic organisms. 9.4 Genetic Engineering 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Explain how recombinant DNA is used to make transgenic organisms. GET OUT YOUR “EYES OF NYE” QUESTIONS

Divide pg. 22 in half

Genetic Engineering 4m https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZmZ161njr8

Open your biology book to page 225, and on the top section of pg Open your biology book to page 225, and on the top section of pg. 22 write a paragraph explaining how genetic engineering is responsible for making this mouse glow.

The mouse’s green glow comes from the green fluorescent protein GFP The mouse’s green glow comes from the green fluorescent protein GFP. Scientists put a gene from a glowing jellyfish into a virus that was allowed to infect a mouse egg. The jellyfish gene became part of the mouse’s genes. As a result the mouse cells produce the same protein.

Table Talk What do you think genetic engineering involves? Examples? What sorts of things can we genetically engineer? Plants Animals Bacteria

Genetic engineering involves changing an organism’s DNA to give it new traits by inserting cloned genes from one organism into a different organism. Possible because the genetic code is shared by all organisms (all living things share the same 4 nucleotides A,T,C,G)

Draw/label/ color code on pg. 23 Genetic engineering uses Recombinant DNA (think re-combination) which is DNA that contains genes from more than one organism. Bacterial plasmids are often used to make recombinant DNA. Plasmids are closed loops of DNA found in bacteria Foreign DNA Recombinant DNA Plasmid from bacterial cell Original DNA Draw/label/ color code on pg. 23

1. Restriction enzymes cut plasmid and foreign DNA 2. foreign gene inserted into plasmid 3. Plasmid put back into bacteria 4. Bacteria will multiply *Result: New proteins will be expressed in the bacteria!

Designing Genes 2m44s

Genetic engineering produces organisms with new traits! A transgenic organism has one or more genes from another organism inserted into its genome.

TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS Transgenic Bacteria Transgenic Plants Transgenic Animals What are they produced for? Real life Examples of each

Transgenic bacteria can be used to produce many useful chemicals Cancer drugs Pesticides Insulin *Ex: Insulin is made by introducing human recombinant DNA into a plasmid allowing it to multiply It is then collected and used to treat people with diabetes

*Bacteria used to produce artificial sweeteners Aspartame- Widely used artificial sweetener Diet soda Sugar-free gum and candy Sugar-free desserts Sugar-free condiments

Transgenic plants transgenic bacteria infect a plant many crops are now genetically modified(GM) Ex: resistance to frost/diseases/insects ***In order for plants to “pass down” the genetic trait to their offspring they must be sure that the gene is present in the seed of the plant!***

Farmers use pesticides to get rid of “pests” Farmers use herbicides to get rid of weeds If we spray a “herbicide” on a crop full of weeds what might happen? Scientists have developed genetically engineered plants that are resistant to the herbicides

Manipulating Plant Genes 2m25s

Genetically Modified Food (Docu) UK 13m15s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bx3vu7fd2n8

Transgenic animals are used to study diseases and gene functions. *The hope is to treat/cure diseases in humans Hard to produce! Must get a fertilized egg-insert the foreign DNA back into female Only a small % of these will mature normally Only some will be transgenic

The animals that are transgenic will have the foreign gene as part of their DNA *Gene will be in ALL of their cells, including the sperm/egg, and therefore they can pass it on to their offspring

Manipulating Animal Genes 1m43s

Jurassic Park Clip (3m10s) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMsJe3TymqY

Jurassic Park Questions Why does John need a drop of blood from John? What is inaccurate about the cloning of John? How do the Jurassic Park scientists manipulate the dinosaur DNA to make transgenic dinosaurs? What type of egg do they use to allow the dinosaurs to develop in? (Very quiet, in the background) Do we need a surrogate? Why were the dinosaurs unable to breed?

Why does John need a drop of blood from John? To extract DNA from What is inaccurate about the cloning of John? A real clone would not be the same age, it would be a baby How do the Jurassic Park scientists manipulate the dinosaur DNA to make transgenic dinosaurs? They fill in the “gaps” in the dinosaur DNA with frog DNA What type of egg do they use to allow the dinosaurs to develop in? (Very quiet, in the background) They use unfertilized ostrich eggs (This is why there is no need for a surrogate. Do we need a surrogate? No. Just the egg donor (ostrich) and DNA from the animal Why were the dinosaurs unable to breed? They were all female.

Concerns with Genetic Engineering Scientists have concerns about some uses of genetic engineering. Possible long-term health effects of eating GM foods Possible effects of GM plants on ecosystems and biodiversity (will they kill other organisms) Ex: GM plants- side effect- kill certain insects Other unknown side effects????? cause allergies/cancer?

Bottom of P. 22 : Draw a double bubble map comparing and contrasting cloning and genetic engineering. Give examples.

Genetically identical copy of a gene or organism Changes DNA to give it new traits Biotechnology Genetic Engineering Cloning Mouse that has jellyfish DNA Uses nuclear transfer May involve manipulating DNA Dolly the Sheep, CC the cat Weather/drought resistant fruits and veggies

Genetic Engineering/Cloning Essay To Clone or Not to Clone? Designer Genes- Designer Babies? Feel free to change the specifics of your essay.  The prompts call for specifically CLONING HUMANS or the GENETIC ENGINEERING of HUMANS, but you can feel free to write an essay on a few other topics as well: Reproductive vs. Therapeutic Cloning (pros/cons of each-opinion) Genetic engineering of our food sources: crops/animals (pros/cons-opinion) 

GATTACA In the “Not-too-distant future” humans genetically engineer babies to posses the best qualities of both parents

GATTACA Trailer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpzVFdDeWyo

The movie focuses on the potential consequences of genetically engineering our offspring

Created humans are considered valid Have “professional” jobs While natural born humans are considered in-valid Work “labor” jobs