Period 3 1754-1800

French and Indian War 1754-1763 Causes: Key Concept 3.1 “Britain’s victory over France in the imperial struggle for North America led to new conflicts among the British government, the North American colonists, and American Indians, culminating in the creation of a new nation, the United States.” French and Indian War 1754-1763 Causes: American expansion into Ohio R. Valley= conflicts with natives and French Iroquois ally with British FR determined to protect against BR intrusion with a line of forts

Attempts at Colonial Unity Albany Congress Reps from 7 of 13 colonies Goals- colonial unity; keep natives on side Albany Plan of Union Benjamin Franklin

French and Indian War Effects:

French and Indian War Effects: Debt= ending salutary neglect= more taxes (colonists need to pay for own defense) Tightened market control, taxes, government Colonial Resistance Stamp Act Congress- response to Stamp Act; tarred and feathered tax collectors Committees of Correspondence- Spread information and propaganda about BR policies Increase in colonial confidence Shattered myth of BR invincibility

French and Indian War Natives Lost trading partner in FR BR colonists expanded onto Native land Pontiac’s Rebellion= Proclamation of 1763

French and Indian War Pontiac’s Rebellion Proclamation of 1763 Chief Pontiac led several tribes against colonists in Ohio Proclamation of 1763 No settlement past the Appalachian Mtns. To prevent further conflict with natives Colonists upset and ignore

Protestant Evangelical Religious Fervor= The Great Awakening “In the late 18th century, new experiments with democratic ideas and republican forms of government, as well as other new religious, economic, and cultural ideas, challenged traditional imperial systems across the Atlantic World.” Protestant Evangelical Religious Fervor= The Great Awakening New American identity “New Lights” and “Old Lights” Jonathan Edwards “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” George Whitefield

New Thought Challenges to Old World Traditions Thomas Paine- Common Sense Absurdity of little island controlling huge continent Enlightenment Challenged traditional authority Legal and political equality End of special privileges for elites John Locke- defended displacement of ruler who did not protect citizen's liberties History of self-governing

Revolution Declaration of Independence Independence Enlightenment ideas List grievances, justify type of gov’t, declare independence Independence Rights of British subjects- reject “Virtual representation” Rights of individuals Enlightenment thought- “Life, liberty, and property” Colonists win due to: Knowing the land Military leadership Commitment to cause French aid

Articles of Confederation Weaknesses: Economy: Tariffs on differing states Each state could coin own $ Fed. Gov’t had no power to tax Political: Unicameral Congress No executive No nat’l army or navy No judicial Weak trading systems w/ other nations Shay’s Rebellion-MA farmers demanded debt relief, attacked court houses= realize need for stronger nat’l gov’t

Constitution Great Compromise 3/5 Compromise Combined VA and NJ plan Bicameral legislature – House of Reps based on pop.; Senate equal rep. 3/5 Compromise Slave would count as 3/5 person in state pop. In general ignored slavery (too divisive of an issue) Federalism- division of power between state and federal gov’t Debates over Constitution Federalists (pro-Const.) / Anti-federalists (anti-Const.) Main issue- no Bill of Rights Federalists promised to add (1st 10 amendments)

Political Parties Central government Economics Foreign affairs Federalists-strong central gov’t Democratic-Republicans- weak central gov’t, more states’ power VA and KY Resolutions- belief that states could nullify federal laws Economics Federalists- Bank of US (not in Constitution) Alexander Hamilton argued necessary and Proper “Elastic Clause” (Loose Interpretation) Anti-Feds Strict interpretation- if not allowed in Const. then forbidden; if forbidden at national level then passes down to state Foreign affairs Feds favor BR DemReps favor FR

“Ideals of liberty reverberated around the world…” Abolition Quakers- Pennsylvania Gradual Emancipation Law Northwest Territory Women’s rights Abigail Adams “Remember the ladies…” Inspired revolutions French Revolution 1789 Haiti- Toussaint L’Ouverture

Westward Migrations and conflicts “Migration within North America, cooperative interaction, and competition for resources raised questions about boundaries and policies, intensified conflicts among peoples and nations, and led to contests over the creation of a multiethnic, multiracial national identity.” Westward Migrations and conflicts Paxton Boys- Scot-Irish group angry about Penn’s Indian policy being too lenient; murdered 20 Indians; marched to Philly

Backcountry cultures Scots-Irish- frontier; displaced Indians Shay’s Rebellion- farmers demanded debt relief Tensions b/w poor backcountry and wealthy coastal

U.S. Encouraged Westward Migrations Northwest Land Ordinance- Process to admit new states Guaranteed freedom of religion and trial by jury Slavery forbidden Under Articles of Confed. Did not recognize Indians as a foreign nation

Republican Motherhood Duty of mothers to raise good citizens of the republic Women have key role in society teaching values and citizenship Women gain more access to educaiton

Important Documents form Period 3 “The Bloody Massacre in King Street, March 5 1770” Paul Revere Shape public opinion- war propaganda BR lined up in formal formation BR faces sharp and angular Sky seems to shed light on BR atrocity Crispus Attucks in lower left corner Distressed woman in crowd

Important documents from period 3 Phyllis Wheatly’s poem on tyranny Sold into slavery as a child Wrote comparing colonies’ relationship with England to that of slavery

Important documents from period 3 George Washington’s Farewell Address Warned of foreign alliances Warned against political parties